About 'ohio debt collection laws'|Supreme Court Cases Could Have Significant Impact on Debt Collectors, Robert Paisola Reports Live

About 'ohio debt collection laws'|Supreme Court Cases Could Have Significant Impact on Debt Collectors, Robert Paisola Reports Live

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1. Collection Laws In Ohio

   drivinglikeamaniac.blogspot.com/   09/19/2012

   ...time. Even regarding that drawback, there could be an Ohio debt settlement, you will repay the collection laws in ohio for this is fair enough, since the collection laws...

2. NCO Settles Debt Collection Action with 19 States

   dedicatedsolutionsgroup.wordpress.com/   06/01/2012

   Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine ...on the investigation into NCO’s debt collection practices. The announcement...compliance with federal and state law.” In signing the settlement...

3. The Curmudgeonly Awards: Debt Collection on the Dead

   selfevidenttruths-euripides.blogspot.com/   03/04/2009

   ...behind, even though most laws have no hold on the...person's account to collections. New hires...Collections, LLC of Columbus, Ohio announced...channel the dead to help debt collectors...

4. Ohio House Bill 545

   ideatreks.wordpress.com/   05/01/2008

   ...payday lending law, which contributed... into the debt cycle, was deficient...its language from the Ohio Small Loan Act. Under...adhere to the same debt collection practices under...

5. Supreme Court Cases Could Have Significant Impact on Debt Collectors, Robert Paisola Reports Live

   mycollectorcom.blogspot.com/   12/23/2009

   ...for some or most debt collection professionals...foreclosure on her home. The Ohio firm required...mortgage; otherwise the debt would be assumed...requirement, but FDCPA law does not require...

6. Negotiate Your Own Debt

   getdebthelp.wordpress.com/   04/01/2009

   ...of each call, the name of the collection agency, the first and last name... attorney in Youngstown, Ohio. “You want to take every precaution... from your debt when payment is made...

7. C Of Ohio

   lascosasdemeggan.blogspot.com/   02/23/2013

   .... As the c of ohio , Ohio debt relief attorney, such as electricity... etc while in Ohio have grown. They adapt...diagnostic tests, proper collection and scoring of ...

8. 2005 Bankruptcy Laws

   silencereader.blogspot.com/   07/24/2011

   ...to restructure debts with the ohio bankruptcy laws are...to prevent any collection activities...alabama bankruptcy laws on your debt. So you see...

9. How Long Can Debt Collectors Come After Me?

   creditconundrum.wordpress.com/   03/04/2008

   ... for this debt, you should be familiar with your state’s laws regarding collections. Texas is..., and Ohio is one of...

10. November 30 2010: A little help from a friend

    theautomaticearth.blogspot.com/   11/30/2010

    ...Katz ruled last year that the debt-collection company violated federal and Ohio laws by trying to collect $4,516.57...

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Fair Debt Collection Act Ohio Ohio Medical Collection Laws Ohio Bill Collector Laws Ohio Laws On Debt Collectors Ohio Collections Law Ohio Revised Code Debt Collection Ohio Debtor Laws Fair Debt Collection Laws Ohio

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About 'ohio debt collection laws'|November 30 2010: A little help from a friend

About 'ohio debt collection laws'|November 30 2010: A little help from a friend

"Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅａｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｐｈａｎ;               ｔｈａｔ               ａｉｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｓｓｉｓｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｒ               -               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｏｒ-ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｗｅｌｌｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｃｏｍｒａｄｅ,               ｗｈｏ,               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｔｒｉｐｅｓ,               ｂｅｎｅａｔｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｆｏｌｄｓ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｄｉｓｇｒａｃｅｄ"               -Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａ. Ｌｏｇａｎ,               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ               ｔｏ               Ｍａｉｎｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｊｕｎｅ,               1885                Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ                Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ,               ｏｒ               "Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ."               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅ               1870ｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅ               1890ｓ. Ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｃａｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅ               ｓａｉｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｇｒａｓｓ-ｒｏｏｔｓ               ｄｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｈｅｌｄ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ａｓ               ａ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ               ｂｌｏｃｋ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｄｅｃａｄｅｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｇａｖｅ               ｉｔ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               1880ｓ               ａｎｄ               1890ｓ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ａｔ               Ｄｅｃａｔｕｒ,               Ｉｌｌｉｎｏｉｓ               ｏｎ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               6,               1866. Ｄｒ. Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ               Ｆｒａｎｋｌｉｎ               Ｓｔｅｐｈｅｎｓｏｎ               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｃａｒｄｉｎａｌ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｒａｔｅｒｎｉｔｙ,               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ｇｕｉｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ. Ｔｏ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               9,               1861               ａｎｄ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               12,               1865.                Ｌｏｃａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｐｏｓｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｐｏｓｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｒ               "ｃｏｍｒａｄｅｓ"               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｔｏ               ａｃｃｅｐｔ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｊｅｃｔ               ｅａｃｈ               ａｐｐｌｉｃａｎｔ. Ｉｆ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｊｅｃｔｅｄ               (ｂｌａｃｋｂａｌｌｅｄ)               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｏｓｔ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｂａｎｎｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｊｏｉｎｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｉｎｉｔｉａｌｌｙ,               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｗａｓ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ａ               ｐｉｃｋｙ               ａｆｆａｉｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               "ｇｒａｄｅｄ"               ｉｎｔｏ               ｒａｎｋｓ. Ｂｙ               1890,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｗａｓ               ａｂａｎｄｏｎｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｓｋｙｒｏｃｋｅｔｅｄ. Ｐｏｓｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｇｉｏｎ               ｊｏｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｍ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ａｔ               ｅａｃｈ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               Ｊｕｎｉｏｒ               Ｖｉｃｅ-Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ,               Ｓｅｎｉｏｒ               Ｖｉｃｅ-Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ. Ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｍ               "ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ"               ｗａｓ               ａｄｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｔｉｔｌｅｓ. Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ               ｅａｃｈ               ｙｅａｒ               ｉｎ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇ               ｂｏｄｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｎｄ               ｄｅｌｅｇａｔｅｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｆｏｒｍａｔ               ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｔｏｗｎ               ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ.                Ｍｏｓｔ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｒｉｇｈｔｌｙ               ｒｅｇａｒｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｓ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｉｎ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               Ｐａｒｔｙ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.,               ａｎｄ               ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ               ｐｌａｙｅｒｓ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｏｂｂｙ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｔｉｍｅｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ. "Ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｐｏｓｔ               ｉｎ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ               ｔｏｗｎ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｒａ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｉｔ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ."[ｉ]                Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               Ｐａｒｔｙ               ｈｅｌｄ               ａ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ａｓ               ｆａｒ               ａｓ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ. Ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｏｐａｇａｎｄａ               ｃｌａｉｍｅｄ               ａ               ｍｏｎｏｐｏｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｐａｔｒｉｏｔｉｓｍ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐｌａｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｉｖｅ. "Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｐｐｅａｌｓ               ｔｏ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｈａｄ               ｗｒｕｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｉｔ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｌａｓｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ".[ｉｉ]               Ｅｒｉｃ               Ｆｏｎｅｒ,               ｉｎ               Ｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               Ｕｎｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1870'ｓ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｌｙ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｃｔｅｄ               ａｓ               "ｔｏｕｃｈｓｔｏｎｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｒａｎｓｃｅｎｄｅｄ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｔｙ'ｓ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ. Ｆｏｒ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅａｎｔ               ｃｙｎｉｃａｌｌｙ               'ｗａｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌｏｏｄｙ               ｓｈｉｒｔ'               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｅａｃｈ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ".[ｉｉｉ]               Ｇｉｌｄｅｄ               Ａｇｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｒｏｔｔｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌｏｏｄｙ               ｓｈｉｒｔ               ｔｏ               ａｔｔａｃｋ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｈｉｇｈｌｙ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｔａｃｔｉｃ               ｗａｓ               ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｔｏ               ｍｏｖｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ. Ｃａｒｅｆｕｌｌｙ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｍｅｍｏｒｉｅｓ               ｐｏｒｔｒａｙｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒｔｉｍｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               Ｐａｒｔｙ               ａｓ               ｔｒｅａｓｏｎｏｕｓ,               ａ               ｔｏｏｌ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｅｒｓ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ｃｒｉｓｉｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｃｌｏｓｅｌｙ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ               Ｃｏｐｐｅｒｈｅａｄｓ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓｅｌｆ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｂｌｏｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ,               ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ａｓ               ｐｒｉｓｏｎｅｒｓ-ｏｆ-ｗａｒ,               ｓｔｉｒｒｅｄ               ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｉｎｆｌａｍｅｄ               ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ. Ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｈａｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｎｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓｎ'ｔ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｂｉｔｔｅｒｎｅｓｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ. Ａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ＧＯＰ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｎｏ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｔｈｒｏｗ               ａｗａｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｇｒｅｗ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ａ               ｓｈａｋｙ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ-ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               1870'ｓ. Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               1880'ｓ               ｉｔｓ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｈａｄ               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               1888. Ｆｉｖｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｉｎ               1881,               ｆｏｒｍｅｒ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｈａｙｅｓ               ｊｏｉｎｅｄ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｓｈｅｒｍａｎ,               ａｎｄ               Ｇｒａｎｔ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               1877.[ｉｖ]                Ｂｙ               1890               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｒｅａｃｈｉｎｇ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｅａｋ               ｙｅａｒｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               409,489               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ,               ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｌｏｂｂｙｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｃｙ. [ｖ]               Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1890,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｎｓｕｒｅｄ               ａ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ｎｉｎｅｔｙ               ｄａｙｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,               ｎｏｔ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｉｌｙ               ｉｎｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｏｒ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ. Ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｅｘ-ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               ａｇｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ａｎ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ               ｅｎｔｉｔｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ. Ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｄｅｃａｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｐａｉｄ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ｔｏ               ａｌｌ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｕｒｖｉｖｏｒｓ. Ｓｕｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｇｒａｎｔ               ｏｒ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ.[ｖｉ]                Ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｘ               ｏｆ               Ｎｏｎ-Ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ                Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               1866               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ｆｌｏｃｋｅｄ,               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｏｐｅｎｌｙ               ｏｒ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔｌｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｃａｍｐ.[ｖｉｉ]               Ｉｎｄｅｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｏｖｅｒｔ               "Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ"               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｂａｃｋｆｉｒｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｐｌａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ａｎ               ａｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｒａｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｐｐｅａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｔｏｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               ｇｌｅｅｆｕｌｌｙ               ｃａｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｉｇｍａ               ｏｆ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ａｓｉｄｅ,               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗｈｏｌｅｈｅａｒｔｅｄｌｙ               ｅｎｄｏｒｓｅｄ               Ｇｅｎ. Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ               Ｓ. Ｇｒａｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ. Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｆｆｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎｙ               ｎｏｎ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ｐｌｅｄｇｅｓ               (ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔａｋｉｎｇ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               #2               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｎｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ). Ｔｈｉｓ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｆｕｓｉｎｇ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｔｏ               ｉｇｎｏｒｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｌｅｄｇｅ.[ｖｉｉｉ]               Ｓｏ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｄｅｃａｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｒｉｇｈｔｆｕｌｌｙ               ｂｒａｎｄｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｏｏｋ               ａ               ｌｏｎｇ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅ.                Ｉｔ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               ｓｔａｇｅ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｆｅｗ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ,               ａｓ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ａｂｏｖｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｃｋｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｇｒａｎｔ               ａｔ               ａ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               ｉｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｆｒａｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ｍｅｄｄｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ. Ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ,               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎｃｌｕｓｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅａｒ               ｗａｓ               ａｓ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｏｂｂｙｉｓｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｔ               ａｓ               ａｄｈｅｒｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ａｎｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｏｔａｂｌｅ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               1888. Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｂｅｒｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｏｂｂｙｉｎｇ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｌｅａｎｅｄ               ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ａｃｃｕｓａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｌｙ               ｃｒｏｐｐｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｒｅｐｅａｔｅｄｌｙ               ａｎｓｗｅｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ. Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｂｅａｔｈ               ｉｎ               1884               ｄｅｖｏｔｅｄ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｄｅａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｔ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ. Ｈｅ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               "ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｉｎｄｉｓｃｒｅｅｔ               ｕｔｔｅｒａｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｒ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｕｍｐ...Ｗｅ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｍｕｚｚｌｅ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｒ."[ｉｘ]                Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｅｘｐｌｉｃｉｔｌｙ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒｓ               ｏｖｅｒ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｖｅｒｔ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｆｆａｉｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｏｈｉｂｉｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓｈｉｐ. Ｉｎ               ａｎ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｄａｔｅｄ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               8,               1892,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｄｊｕｔａｎｔ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ'ｓ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               26ｔｈ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ:               "Ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ               ｂａｄｇｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐｌａｃｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｓａｌｅ,               ａｎ               ｅｘａｃｔ               ｆａｃｓｉｍｉｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               ｏｒｄｅｒ,               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｕｒｇｅｓ               ａｌｌ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｗｅａｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｈｉｎｇ               [ｂｏｌｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｘｔ]               ｕｐｏｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｒｅａｓｔ."[ｘ]               Ｉｔ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｓａｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔａｓｋ               ｏｆ               ｄｅ-ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉｚｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｗａｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ,               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏ-ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｐａｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐａｒｃｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒａｓｓ-ｒｏｏｔｓ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｓｔｅｐｐｉｎｇ               ｓｔｏｎｅ,               ａｎｄ               "ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔ               ｔｏｏ               ｍｕｃｈ"               ａｓ               Ｓｈａｋｅｓｐｅａｒｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｓａｙ,               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｕａｔｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｎｏｔ-ｓｏ-ｓｕｂｔｌｅ               ｃｈａｒａｄｅ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｄｅｒ'ｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｆａｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               20ｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ.                Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａ. "Ｂｌａｃｋｊａｃｋ"               Ｌｏｇａｎ                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔｌｙ               ａ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｒａｔｅｒｎａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｌｏｏｓｅｌｙ               ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               Ｍａｓｏｎｒｙ               ａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ. Ａｆｔｅｒ               ａ               ｄｉｖｉｓｉｖｅ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ,               ｉｔ               ｅｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｎｏ               ｏｎｅ               ｐａｒｔｙ. Ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｃａｍｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｃａｒｅｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｇｅｎ. Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａ. Ｌｏｇａｎ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｉｎ               1867. Ｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ａｓ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａ               "Ｒａｄｉｃａｌ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ"               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ａ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｓｅｎａｔｏｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｉｌｌｉｎｏｉｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               Ｍａｙ               30               ａｓ               Ｍｅｍｏｒｉａｌ               Ｄａｙ               (ｂｙ               ａｎ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.)               ｈａｄ               ａｎ               ａｘｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｒｉｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔ               ｒａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｍｙ.                Ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ａｕｔｏ-ｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,               Ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ,               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｉｎ               1887,               ｈｅ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｉｖｉｌｅｇｅｓ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｐｏｉｎｔｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｎｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｒｅｓｅｒｖｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ:               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｏｕｒ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ...ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               [ｉｎ]               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ."               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎ:               "Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｄｅｒ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｄｏｕｂｔｌｅｓｓ               ａｓｋ               ｗｈｙ               ａ               Ｃａｐｔａｉｎ,               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｒ               Ａｒｍｙ,               ｄｉｓａｂｌｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａ               ｗｏｕｎｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ,               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｐａｙ               ｏｆ               $2,100,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ａ               Ｃａｐｔａｉｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ,               ｗｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｅｃｉｓｅｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ,               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｄａｙ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｓｅｒａｂｌｅ               ｐｉｔｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               $240               ａ               ｙｅａｒ."[ｘｉ]                Ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ,               (ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｂｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｈａｍｐｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ),               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｎｄｓｅｔ               ｏｆ               ｍａｎｙ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               1880'ｓ               ａｎｄ               1890'ｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｅｒｃｅ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｒｅｆｏｒｍ. Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ｗａｓ               ｉｍｍｅｎｓｅｌｙ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ. Ｈｉｓ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒｉｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｏｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｇｅｎｕｉｎｅ               ｗａｒ               ｈｅｒｏ,               ａ               ｂｒｉｌｌｉａｎｔ               ｓｐｅａｋｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ.[ｘｉｉ]               Ｕｎｌｉｋｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓ,               ｈｅ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｇｏ               ｔｏ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｐｏｉｎｔ. Ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｅｌｆ-ｍａｄｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｔｔｌｅｆｉｅｌｄ               ａｎｄ               ｏｆｆ. Ｈｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｉｔ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｐｌａｉｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈｅｓ               ｈｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌ               ｗｅｉｇｈｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｆｅｌｌ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎ-ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ. Ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               ｒｅｇｉｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｇａｎ'ｓ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎｉｆｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｌｄ               ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔｉａ. Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｊｕｖｅｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔｉａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ｏｎ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｗｅｓｔ               Ｐｏｉｎｔｅｒｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｃｔ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｏｄｅｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ.                "Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｖｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               ｈｅｒｏ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               -               ｌｉｋｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｑｕａｓｉ-ｍｉｌｉｔｉａ               ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ,               'ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓａｖｉｏｒｓ'               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｎｕｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｗａｒ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｃｅｓ               -               ｐｏｒｔｒａｙｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｎｏｔ               ａｓ               ａ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ               ｂｕｔ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｒｖｅｒ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｔｉｍｅｌｅｓｓ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ."[ｘｉｉｉ]                Ｅａｒｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｙｅａｒ               ａｓ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ,               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               2ｎｄ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ,               ｄａｔｅｄ               Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ               1,               1868,               "Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ,               Ｓａｉｌｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｒｉｎｅｓ               ｍｏｒａｌｌｙ,               ｓｏｃｉａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｕｌｃａｔｅ               ａ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ."[ｘｉｖ]                Ｌｏｇａｎ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｔｏ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ,               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｎｔｉ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1870'ｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｈｅｌｐｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｌｅｓｓ,               ｈｅ               ｌｅｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｌａｐｓｅ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｄ-1880'ｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｓｔｅａｄｉｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｓｅ,               (ｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｎｏｎ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎｓｈｉｐ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｍａｒｙ               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ)               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ａｌｉｇｎｅｄ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｇａｉｎ               ａｓ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｐｕｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｔｉｃｋｅｔ               ａｓ               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｂｌａｉｎｅ'ｓ               ｖｉｃｅ-ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｒｕｎｎｉｎｇ               ｍａｔｅ               ｉｎ               1884.                Ａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｕｎｔｉｍｅｌｙ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｉｎ               1886,               ａ               ｗｈｏ'ｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｏｆ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｏｆｆｉｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｏｔｕｎｄａ               ｉｎ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ. Ｉｎ               1887               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｄａｗｓｏｎ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａ               ｆａｗｎｉｎｇ               ｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ               ｏｆ               Ｌｏｇａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｗｈａｔ               ｍａｎｙ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｆｅｌｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ. "Ａｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｒｏｄｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ,               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａ               ｄｏｕｂｔ               ｉｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｇｏｎｅ               ｓｏｌｉｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｔｉｃｋｅｔ               ｈｅａｄｅｄ               [ｂｙ               Ｌｏｇａｎ]               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ'ｓ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄ               ｐａｒ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｃｅ".[ｘｖ]                Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｌｏｇａｎ'ｓ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｐａｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔｓ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｎａｃｔ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ.                Ｇｒａｓｓ               Ｒｏｏｔｓ               Ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ,               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐａｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｄ-Ｗｅｓｔ               (Ｉｌｌｉｎｏｉｓ,               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ               ａｎｄ               Ｏｈｉｏ               ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ). Ａｐａｒｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｍｅｍｏｒｉａｌ               Ｄａｙ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｐａｒａｄｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｉｖｉｃ               ｅｖｅｎｔｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｉｓｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｔｕｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｎｕｍｅｎｔｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒｐｉｅｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐｏｓｔ'ｓ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｌｉｅｆ               ｆｕｎｄ. Ｍａｎｄａｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｅａｃｈ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｐｏｓｔ               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｔ               ａｓｉｄｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｆｏｒ               ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｅｅｄｙ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ,               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｏｒｐｈａｎｓ. Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｕｎｅｒａｌｓ.[ｘｖｉ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｒｅａｌ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ａｓｐｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               ｓｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ,               ｂｏｔｈ               ｌｏｃａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ. Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｆｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｍｏｔｉｖａｔｅｄ               ｐａｒｔｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｓｏｌｉｄａｒｉｔｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ. Ｉｔ               ａｌｓｏ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｎｄｅｄ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｎｇ               ａ               ｓｔｉｇｍａ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｓｃｈｅｗｉｎｇ               ｈａｎｄｏｕｔｓ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｍｕｔｕａｌ               ｓｅｌｆ-ｈｅｌｐ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ,               ｎｏｔ               ｒａｎｄｏｍｌｙ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ｏｕｔ               ａｓ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ. Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅｒ               1800'ｓ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｂｅｃａｍｅ               "ａｎ               ａｎａｃｈｒｏｎｉｓｍ".[ｘｖｉｉ]                "Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｃｌａｉｍ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｌａｗｓ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ               ｈｏｍｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ'ｓ               ｏｒｐｈａｎｓ."[ｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｉｎ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｈａｄ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               (ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｏａｒｄ)               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｓｕｂｓｉｄｉｚｅｄ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｓａｉｌｏｒｓ               Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｌｉｋｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ. Ａｍｏｓ               Ａｌｌｅｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｄｊｕｔａｎｔ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａｎ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｏｎ               Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               15,               1892               ｕｒｇｉｎｇ               ａｌｌ               ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｒｉｔｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               "ａ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               Ｉｎｖａｌｉｄ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ,               Ｓａｉｌｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｒｉｎｅｓ...ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｏｆ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               Ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               Ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ               ｗｈｏ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｍｒａｄｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ               ａｃｃｏｍｍｏｄａｔｉｏｎｓ". Ｈｅ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ:               "Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ａｎｔａｇｏｎｉｚｅｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｐｕｔ               ｕｐ               ｆｏｒ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅ."[ｘｉｘ]                Ｐｏｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗｅｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｐｒｉｖａｔｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｅｌｅｃｔ               ｌｉｋｅ-ｍｉｎｄｅｄ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｄｉｄ. Ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｒａｒｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅ               1860'ｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｅ               ａｎｙ               ｏｖｅｒｔ               ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎ,               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ.                Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ａｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｈａｒｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｃｒｉｆｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｖｉｃｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ａｎｄ               "ｕｎｄｏｕｂｔｅｄｌｙ               ｗｉｄｅｎｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ'ｓ               ｎｏｎ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｒｅｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｉｎｇ               ｓｔｉｍｕｌａｎｔ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ".[ｘｘ]                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｎｄ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               Ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ'ｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｓｔ-ｗａｒ               ｅｒａ. Ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｅｅｐｌｙ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ,               ｋｅｅｐ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｇｒｏｗ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｂａｔｔｌｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｄｅａ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｗｅｄ               ｉｔｓ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ,               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｒｖｉｖｏｒｓ. Ａｓ               ａｎ               ａｓｉｄｅ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｕｓｅｆｕｌ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｏｎｆｅｄｅｒａｔｅ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｎｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ａｉｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｅｌｉｇｉｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ,               (ｉｆ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ａｎ               ｏａｔｈ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌｅｇｉａｎｃｅ),               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ａ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｏｒｙ.                Ｉｎ               1870               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｓｐｅｎｔ               $29               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               (ｌｅｓｓ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｖｅ               ｆｅｅｓ)               ｏｆ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｓｔ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｗａｓ               ｓｐｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ. Ａｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｈｅｉｇｈｔ               ｉｎ               1913,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｍ               ｗａｓ               $174               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ.[ｘｘｉ]                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｌａｗ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｎ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｐｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ａｂｒａｈａｍ               Ｌｉｎｃｏｌｎ               ｉｎ               1862. Ｉｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｉｎ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               4,               1861. Ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ａｌｓｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ,               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｄｉｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌａｗｓ               ｉｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               1890,               ｗｈｅｎ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａｕｇｍｅｎｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｂｅｒａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｓｏｌｅｌｙ               ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ,               ｓｐｏｕｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ.[ｘｘｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｌａｗ               ｏｆ               1862               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｕｒｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ. Ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ,               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ'ｓ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｙ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ.                Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｅｎｄｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｅｒｓ               ｔｏｐｐｅｄ               ｏｆｆ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｄ               1870'ｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｒａ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｌｏｓｉｎｇ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｖｏｃａｌ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｏｓｅｎ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ.[ｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｒａｌｌｙｉｎｇ               ｃｒｙ               ｗａｓ               'ａｒｒｅａｒｓ',               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｇａｐ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ａ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｈａｄ               ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ａｉｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ               ｉｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｄａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ. Ｍａｎｙ               ａｒｒｅａｒｓ               ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｏｎｅ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｌａｗ. Ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ｉｎ               1873,               1876,               ａｎｄ               1877. Ｉｎ               1878               ｔｈｏｕｇｈ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ａｌｌ               ｎａｙｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｏｒｄｅｒ-ｓｔａｔｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ.[ｘｘｉｖ]                Ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｗａｓ               ｏｖｅｒｗｈｅｌｍｉｎｇｌｙ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ               ｏｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               19ｔｈ               1878,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｔａｌｌｙ               ｏｆ               164               ｔｏ               61               ｗｉｔｈ               65               ｎｏｔ               ｖｏｔｉｎｇ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｃ. Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ,               ｗａｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               12ｔｈ               Ａｎｎｕａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｆｉｅｌｄ,               ＭＡ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｔｅ. Ｏｎ               Ｊｕｎｅ               4ｔｈ               ｈｅ               ｓｐｏｋｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｄｖｉｓｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｂｅ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒｓ,               ｈｏｐｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ.[ｘｘｖ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｌｉｔｔｌｅ               ｐｕｓｈ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｄａｔｅ               ｏｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｂｉｌｌｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｌａｔｅｒ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｌｅｄ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｈａｙｅｓ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｉｔ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               ｏｆ               1879.                Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ               ｐｌａｙ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｙｅａｒｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｌｏｗ               ｉｎ               1890               ａｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               60,634.[ｘｘｖｉ]               Ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               "ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌ               ｍｏｖｅｒｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｒｅａｒｓ               Ａｃｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               [ｗｈｏ,               ａｃｔｉｎｇ               ａｓ               ｌｏｂｂｙｉｓｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ｓｔｏｏｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅ]               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｓｏｌｉｃｉｔｏｕｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               'ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅ'               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｐｃｏｍｉｎｇ               1880               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ".[ｘｘｖｉｉ]                Ｔｈｅ               ＧＡＲ'ｓ               ｔｒｕｌｙ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｒｏｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               1881               ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｏｋ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｌａｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｎｎｕａｌ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               1882. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｍｅｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｄｅｌｅｇａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｈｏｕｓｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｅａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｎｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｐｐｏｉｎｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｂｏｕｔ               1200               ｎｅｗ               ｃｌｅｒｋｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐｅｄｉｔｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｗｏｒｋ               ａｔ               ａｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｘｐｅｎｓｅ               ｏｆ               $1,742,430. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ＧＡＲ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ               ａ               Ｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｎ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ.[ｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｆｕｎｄｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｎｄ               ｔｈｕｓ               ｂｅｇａｎ               ａ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｒ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ.                Ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｎｖｅｒ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               1883,               ａ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｓｉｒｅｄ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｈｏｕｓｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ａｔ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ａｎｎｕａｌ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ.[ｘｘｉｘ]                Ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｖｅ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒｓ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｕｒｇｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｍａｉｎ               ｎｏｎ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｌｙ,               ｂｕｔ               ｓｈｏｗｅｄ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ａｇａｉｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｆｉｒｍｌｙ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ. Ｂｙ               1880               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｔｒｉｂｕｎｅ,               ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ               Ｄ.Ｃ. (ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｌｙ               ａ               ｃｌａｉｍ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ'               ｏｒｇａｎ,               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｄｉｔｏｒ,               Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｌｅｍｏｎ)               ｗａｓ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｎｄ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｍｉｅｒ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒ               ａｄｖｉｓｉｎｇ               ｅｘ-ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ. ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ               (ｉｎ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒ,               ｉｎ               Ｇｌｏｒｉｏｕｓ               Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｍｅｎｔ)               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｔｒｉｂｕｎｅ               ａｓ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｆａｃｔｏｒｓ               ｊｕｍｐ-ｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｇｅｎｄａ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.,               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｅｎａ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｔｒｉｂｕｎｅ,               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ               ｄａｔｅｄ               Ｊｕｌｙ               26,               1883,               ａｄｖｉｓｅｄ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               "ｇｏ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｍｉｎａｔｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ"               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ.                Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1880'ｓ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｃｏｖｅｒ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               ｄｉｓａｂｌｅｄ,               ｉｎｄｉｇｅｎｔ               ｏｒ               ｎｏｔ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｎ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｐｌａｎ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ａ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ,               ｕｒｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｎ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｍｅｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｎ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               1887,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｗａｔｅｒｅｄ-ｄｏｗｎ               Ｄｅｐｅｎｄａｎｔ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｌａｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｏｎｔｈ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｇｒｏｖｅｒ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ,               ｗｈｏ               ｖｅｔｏｅｄ               ｉｔ.                Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｓｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｊｕｒｙ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｓｏ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｆｒａｕｄｓ               ｐｅｒｐｅｔｒａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ. Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｓｏｏｎ               ｃａｍｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｕｒｇｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ'ｓ               ｖｅｔｏ.[ｘｘｘ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｔｏ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｖｅｒｔｕｒｎｅｄ,               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｍｕｃｈ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ａ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ａｔｔａｃｋ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｔｒｉｂｕｎｅ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌａｉｍ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               "ｂｌｏｏｄ-ｓｕｃｋｅｒｓ"               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｐｕｒｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ.[ｘｘｘｉ]               (Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               ｐ. 216)                Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｗｏｕｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｗａｙ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｌａｔｅ               1887               ｂｕｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ａｃｔｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ. Ｉｔ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｄｅｂａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               1888               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｅｘｐｌｉｃｉｔｌｙ               ｅｎｄｏｒｓｅｄ               "ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｒｅｌｉｅｆ". Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｇｒｏｖｅｒ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｇｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｖｏｔｅ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｒ               Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               233               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               ｖｏｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ'ｓ               168               ｔｏ               ｗｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ. Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｚｅｄ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｗａｓ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔａｒｉｆｆｓ,               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｄｅａｌ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅ. Ｔｈｉｓ               "Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               Ｖｏｔｅ"               ｗａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｔａｌｋｅｄ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａｓ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｖｅ               ｆａｃｔｏｒ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ.[ｘｘｘｉｉ]               1888               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｗａｔｅｒｓｈｅｄ               ｙｅａｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｇｒｏｗｔｈ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               1888                Ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               1888               ｉｓ               ｓｅｅｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈ-ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ａｇｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｂｙ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ. Ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ａｃｒｉｍｏｎｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1880'ｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｗｏ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ               ｗａｓ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｅｑｕａｌｌｙ               ｄｉｖｉｄｅｄ."[ｘｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               1880,               1884               ａｎｄ               1888               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｍａｒｇｉｎｓ. Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ｈａｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｗｏｎ               ｉｎ               1888               ｂｙ               ｄｅｔａｃｈｉｎｇ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｈａｄ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ.                Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               1884               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ,               "ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｌｅａｋ               ａｆｔｅｒｍａｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｆｅａｔ,               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｆａｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｄ               ｆａｃｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｌｏｏｄｙ-ｓｈｉｒｔ               ｗａｖｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｖａｇｕｅ               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｌｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｐａｒｔｙ".[ｘｘｘｉｖ]               Ａｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｒｏｎｇ               ａｄｖｏｃａｃｙ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｂｙ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｓｗｉｎｇ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ. Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｕｔｈ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｐａｒｔｉｅｓ               ｔｒｉｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｒｉｖｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ               ａ               ＧＯＰ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｔｙ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ａｎ               ｅａｒｌｉｅｒ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｂｕｉｌｔ               ｕｐ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｆａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1880'ｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ               ｏｆ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ. Ｄｉｅ               ｈａｒｄ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎｓ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎ               ｏｖｅｒｔｌｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｍａｎｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｄ               ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｕｂｔｌｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｖｅ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｄ               ｇｕｉｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               1870'ｓ               ｗａｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔ". "Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｍｅｎ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｚｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ'ｓ               ｆｒａｔｅｒｎａｌ               ａｓｐｅｃｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｑｕｉｅｔｌｙ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｄｏｗｎ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｐａｔｈｓ".[ｘｘｘｖ]                Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ'ｓ               ｌｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｎｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｔｏ               ｏｆ               224               ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｉｎ               1886               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ               ｆｒａｕｄｕｌｅｎｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｎｅｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ,               ｎｏ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｈａｄ               ｄａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｓｏ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ. Ａｓ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｖｅｔｏ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｂｉｌｌｓ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｄｉｓｇｕｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｔｒｉｂｕｎｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｃａｔｈｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｄｅｎｕｎｃｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｄｅｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｇｈ-ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｌｏｏｄｙ-ｓｈｉｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ｊｉｎｇｏｉｓｔｉｃ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｓｍ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.[ｘｘｘｖｉ]                Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ａｇｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｈｉｐ               ｔｏ               ａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｔｕｒｎ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ. Ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｉｖｅｎ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               1887               ｉｎ               Ｓｔ. Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ａ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｖｅｔｏ               ａ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               Ｂｉｌｌ               (ｗｈｉｃｈ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｄｉｄ               ａｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ               ａｂｏｖｅ)               ａｇａｉｎ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ.[ｘｘｘｖｉｉ]               Ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｔｔｅｎｄ:                Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｍｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｉｎｖｉｔｅｄ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ａｔｔｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｘｔ               ｍｅｅｔｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ａｔ               Ｓｔ. Ｌｏｕｉｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖｉｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｉｓ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｂｕｓｈｅｌ               ｏｒ               ｔｗｏ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｉｇｎａｎｔ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｏｓｔｓ               ａｌｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,               ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｓｉｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               Ｍｒ. Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｒｅｖｉｅｗ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅ               ｉｓ               ａｄｈｅｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｏｓｔｓ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｎｏｔ               ａｔｔｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒａｎｄ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ....Ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｌｅｍｍａ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔ               ｏｎｅ. Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｉｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ. Ｉｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｓｉｎｋ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｓ               ｔｏｗａｒｄ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｊｏｙ               ａｎ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ａｓ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｕｓｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｂｅ               ｎｏ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｎｋ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               ａｒｍｙ               ｂｏｙｓ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｒｅｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｉｎｇｌｉｎｇ               ｎｅｒｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｆｌｉｎｇｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ,               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄ               ｖｅｔｏｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌｓ,               ｉｎｄｕｌｇｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｔｅ               ｓｅｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ. Ｗｉｔｈ               ｅｘｅｃｒａｂｌｅ               ｔａｓｔｅ               ｈｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｆｉｎｅ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｓｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｈｉｍ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｎｊｅｃｔｅｄ               ａ               ｓｎｅｅｒ               ｈｅｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｖａｌｉｄ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ,               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｕｒｉｏｕｓ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ...Ｈｅｎｃｅ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｖｉｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ａｐｐｅａｒ               ａｔ               Ｓｔ. Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｎｏｒｅｄ               ｇｕｅｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ... Ｓｏ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｓｈａｌｌ               ｃｏｎｇｒｅｇａｔｅ               ａｔ               Ｓｔ. Ｌｏｕｉｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｕｍｍｅｒ               ｈａｐｐｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ａｎ               ａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｅｎｅｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｄｅｐａｒｔｅｄ               ｃｏｍｒａｄｅｓ,               ｎｏ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｗｉｔｈｈｏｌｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｒｏｕｇｈ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｄｉｓａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｈａｓ               ｌｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｓｏ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒ               ａｔ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒ               ｏｃｃａｓｉｏｎ.[ｘｘｘｖｉｉｉ]                Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｇｏｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｇｅ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｓｔ               Ｌｏｕｉｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｏｕｔ,               ｈｅ               ｐｒｏｃｌａｉｍｅｄ               "ｂｏｔｈ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃａｎ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｈａｔｅ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｖｅｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｅｍｐｈａｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｈｉｍ               ｈｏｎｏｒ".[ｘｘｘｉｘ]                Ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｓｈｏｗ               ｕｎｉｔｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ,               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｃａｐｔｕｒｅｄ               Ｃｏｎｆｅｄｅｒａｔｅ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｆｌａｇｓ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｄ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｇｉｍｅｎｔｓ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａｒｇｕａｂｌｙ               ａ               ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌｙ               ｄｅｃｅｎｔ               ｔｈｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｂｙ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｆａｉｒｃｈｉｌｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ:               "Ｉ               ａｐｐｅａｌ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｎｔｉｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｅｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｓａｃｒｉｌｅｇｅ".[ｘｌ]                Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｖｅｔｏ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌｓ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ               ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               (ａ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｍｅｍｂｅｒ)               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｄ               ａ               ｌｉｂｅｒａｌ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ. "Ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｃｏｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｔａｒｉｆｆ               ｉｓｓｕｅ,               ｙｅｔ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙ               ｉｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ｆａｃｔｏｒ               ｉｎ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ'ｓ               ｄｅｆｅａｔ. Ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｅｘｅｒｃｉｓｅｄ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｈａｄ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ."[ｘｌｉ]                Ｉｎ               1888,               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｏｕｔ-ｐｏｌｌｅｄ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ｂｙ               90,000               ｖｏｔｅｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｌｏｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒａｌ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ               233-168. 81.8%               ｏｆ               ｅｌｉｇｉｂｌｅ               ｖｏｔｅｒｓ               ｖｏｔｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏ               ｄｏｕｂｔ               ａ               ｃｒｕｃｉａｌ               ａｓｐｅｃｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｗｉｎｇ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               (ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               45,000               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               ｉｎ               1888,               ａｎｄ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ｗｏｎ               ｂｙ               14,373               ｖｏｔｅｓ),               Ｏｈｉｏ               (ｗｏｎ               ｂｙ               20,598               ｖｏｔｅｓ),               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ               (ｗｏｎ               ｂｙ               2,376               ｖｏｔｅｓ),               ａｎｄ               Ｉｌｌｉｎｏｉｓ,               (ｗｏｎ               ｂｙ               22,124               ｖｏｔｅｓ). Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ               ｂｏａｓｔｅｄ               38,000               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｈａｄ               ｗｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ". Ｃｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄ               ｗｏｎ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ               ｂｙ               336               ｖｏｔｅｓ.[ｘｌｉｉ]                Ｉｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｅｃｉｓｅｌｙ               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｈｏｗ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｒｅａｌ               ｔｅｒｍｓ. Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｉｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ. Ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｌｅａｒｌｙ               ｈａｄ               ａ               ｈａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ,               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｅｑｕａｌｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｆ               1888.                Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ               ｎａｍｅｄ               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｔａｎｎｅｒ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ. Ｔａｎｎｅｒ               ｈａｄ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｌｉｋｅｄ. Ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｓｏ               ｄｉｓｐｏｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｔｒｉｏｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｅ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄ               ａ               ｒｅ-ｒａｔｉｎｇ               ｓｃｈｅｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｓｏ               ｏｖｅｒｌｙ               ａｇｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｆｌｏｗｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ,               Ｔａｎｎｅｒ               ｃａｍｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｒｃｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｓｉｇｎ               ｉｎ               1889.                Ｉｎ               1889               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ               ｈａｄ               ｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｂｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ａ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ'ｓ               ｃｌａｕｓｅ. Ｈａｒｒｉｓｏｎ               ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｓ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｕｐ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｉｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔａｋｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               1890,               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｅｖｅｎｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               ｏｎ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               31ｓｔ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1890               "ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｎ               ｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙ               ｎｅｗ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ               Ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄａｎｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｃｏｓｔｌｙ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌａｗ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｅｎａｃｔｅｄ". Ｆｏｒ               ｍａｎｙ               ｙｅａｒｓ               $60               -               $70               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ａ               ｙｅａｒ               ｗａｓ               ｐａｉｄ               ｏｕｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔｒｅａｓｕｒｙ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｌａｗ.[ｘｌｉｉｉ]                Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｍｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｈｏｌｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｗａｓ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｃｅｓｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｔａｘａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｒｇｅｌｙ               ｕｎｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｔ               ｔａｒｉｆｆｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ｕｐ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｒｐｌｕｓｅｓ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｐｕｔ               ｏｎ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｐｅｄｅｓｔａｌ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｗｅｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｓｏｍｅｔｈｉｎｇ               (ａ               ｒｅｆｒｅｓｈｉｎｇｌｙ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ａｔｔｉｔｕｄｅ). Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｆｅｌｔ               ｔｈａｔ               "ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｈａｄ               ｍｏｎｅｙ,               ｉｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｓｐｅｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓａｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ".[ｘｌｉｖ]               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｐａｌａｔａｂｌｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               (ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ)               ｏｆ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｃｅｓｓ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ｔａｘ               ｓｕｂｓｉｄｉｚｉｎｇ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ. Ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｓｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.                Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｉｓｐｕｔｅｄ               ｃｈａｍｐｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｐｏｌｉｃｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｙｅａｒ               ｏｆ               1900,               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1900               (ａｍｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1890)               ｗａｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ,               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｂｅｒａｌ               ｂｙ               ｌｏｏｓｅｎｉｎｇ               ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ. Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ,               ａ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔ               ｎａｍｅｄ               Ｅｖａｎｓ,               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               Ａｃｔ,               ｃａｕｓｉｎｇ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｃｏｎｓｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ＭｃＫｉｎｌｅｙ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.'ｓ               ｄｉｓａｐｐｒｏｖａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ,               ｂｕｔ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｄ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ＭｃＫｉｎｌｅｙ'ｓ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｉｎ               1901. Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｒｏｏｓｅｖｅｌｔ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｇｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｒｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               1902,               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｔｏｒｒａｎｃｅ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｂｕｒｅａｕ               ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐｕｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               "Ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｅｐｔａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｉｇｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ".[ｘｌｖ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗａｓ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｎｏｗ               ｗｉｅｌｄｅｄ.                Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｒｅｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1890               ｗａｓ               ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｎ               1904               ａｓ               ａ               ｂｉｌｌ               ａｄｄｉｎｇ               ａｇｅ               ａｎｄ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｌｙ               90               ｄａｙｓ               ａｓ               ｃｒｉｔｅｒｉａ               ｆｏｒ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｐａｙｏｕｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ. Ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｐｏｓｔｓ               ｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｅｄ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｔｓ               ｐａｓｓａｇｅ.[ｘｌｖｉ]               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｔａｋｅ               ｕｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙ               ｋｉｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｉｍｅｌｙ               ｆａｓｈｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｄｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｌｏｂｂｙ,               (ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｙｅａｒ),               Ｒｏｏｓｅｖｅｌｔ               ｂｙｐａｓｓｅｄ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｓｓｕｅｄ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               #78               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙ               ａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｄ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｒｅ-ｃｌａｓｓｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｌｄ               ａｇｅ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｆｉｒｍｉｔｙ. Ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｒｏｏｓｅｖｅｌｔ,               Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｔａｎｎｅｒ               ｗａｓ               ｎａｍｅｄ               Ｒｅｇｉｓｔｒａｒ               ｏｆ               Ｗｉｌｌｓ               ｉｎ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ               Ｄ.Ｃ. ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               1905               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ-ｉｎ-Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.                Ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｗａｓ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏ               ｂｅａｒ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ               #78               ａ               ｌａｗ. Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               1907               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ. Ｔｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ,               ａ               ｗｉｄｏｗ'ｓ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｗａｓ               ｓｏｕｇｈｔ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ａｓ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｓｌｏｗｌｙ               ｓｔａｒｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｅ               ｏｆｆ. Ｉｔ               ｔｏｏ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               1908. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｙ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ               ｉｎ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｅｘｐｅｎｄｉｔｕｒｅｓ,               ｆｒｏｍ               $138               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               1907               ｔｏ               $153               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               1908               ａｎｄ               $162               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               1906,               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｒｇｅｓｔ               ｄｉｓｂｕｒｓｅｍｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｄａｔｅ.[ｘｌｖｉｉ]               Ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｐ               ｓｉｘ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ｐｅｒ               ｃａｐｉｔａ               ｉｎ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               1910               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ,               $4.55;               Ｍａｉｎｅ,               $4.08;               Ｖｅｒｍｏｎｔ,               $4.04;               Ｋａｎｓａｓ,               $3.96;               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ,               $3.90;               ａｎｄ               Ｏｈｉｏ,               $3.36.[ｘｌｖｉｉｉ]                Ｉｔ               ｓｔａｎｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｇｒｏｗｎ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｂｉ-ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｂｙ               1911,               ｂｕｔ               Ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅ               Ｉｓａａｃ               Ｓｈｅｒｗｏｏｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｏｈｉｏ               ｎｏｔｅｄ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｕｍｍｅｒ,               "Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｉ               ｗａｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｎｅ". Ｈｅ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｒｅａｄｙ               ｔｏ               ｖｏｔｅ               ｅｎ               ｍａｓｓｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｈｅ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｌｉｂｅｒａｌｉｚｅ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ.[ｘｌｉｘ]               Ｔｈｉｓ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｅｄｉｎｇ               ａ               ｂｏｎｄ               ｉｓｓｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｒａｉｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｆｕｎｄｓ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｉｔ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｏｕｓｅ,               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｗａｔｅｒｅｄ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｎａｔｅ               (ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ａ               ｂｏｎｄｉｎｇ),               ａｎｄ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｃｔ               ｏｆ               1912,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｐａｙｉｎｇ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｏｕｔ               ｔｏ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｄ               ａ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ. Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ               ｐｅａｋｅｄ               ｉｎ               1913               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｄ               ａｓ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ               ｓｌｏｗｌｙ               ｄｉｅｄ               ｏｆｆ.                Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               Ｉ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗａｓ               ｉｎ               ｌｅｇｉｔｉｍａｔｅ               ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ               ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ. Ｓｏｍｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ａｒｇｕｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｆｉｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｂｙ               1900,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅａｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｕｔ               ｉｎ               ｍｙ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ. Ｍｕｃｈ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｐａｓｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅａｒｌｙ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               20ｔｈ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ. Ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｄａｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               ｉｔｓ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｌｏｂｂｙｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｃｅ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ               ｏｆ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               Ｉ,               ｗｈｅｎ               ａｓ               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ               ｐｕｔｓ               ｉｔ               "Ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｓｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｌｄ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ'ｓ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｉｌｌｅｎｎｉａｌ               ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｃｉｖｉｌｉｚｉｎｇ               ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｂｕｒｇｅｏｎｉｎｇ,               ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｌｙ               ｄｉｖｅｒｓｅ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｅｎｇａｇｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｗａｒｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｅｄ               ａｓ               ｍｏｒａｌ               ｃｒｕｓａｄｅｓ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔ               ｕｎｔｉｌ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｒｒｏｒ               ｏｆ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗａｒ               Ｉ."[ｌ]                Ｉｎ               ｓｕｍｍａｔｉｏｎ,               Ｉ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｂｙ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｈｅｌｄ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｌｏｂｂｙ               ｂｕｔ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｓｏ               ａｓ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｓａｎ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ,               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               1888,               ｄｅｓｐｉｔｅ               Ｄｅｍｏｃｒａｔｉｃ               ｃｌａｉｍｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｉｏｄ. Ｎｏｎｅｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ,               ａ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｏｆ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｌｉｋｅ-ｍｉｎｄｅｄ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｉｚｅ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｄｏ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｄｅａｌ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌｌｙ               -               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ａｐｐｅａｒｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｄｉｄ,               ｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｂｒｏａｄ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｌｏｂｂｙ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｌｋ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄａｔａ               ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｗｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               1920. Ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｗａｓ               ｈｅｌｄ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａｐｏｌｉｓ,               Ｉｎｄｉａｎａ               ｉｎ               1949               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｓｔ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒ,               Ａｌｂｅｒｔ               Ｗｏｏｌｓｏｎ,               ｄｉｅｄ               ｉｎ               1956               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ               ｏｆ               109               ｙｅａｒｓ.                Ｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ                Ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ                Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ:                Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ. Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ,               Ｍａｓｓ. :               Ｅ.Ｂ. Ｓｔｉｌｌｉｎｇｓ               &               Ｃｏ.(ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ)               ｖａｒ. ｐｕｂ               ｄａｔｅｓ,               11ｔｈ               -18ｔｈ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ               1877-1884               (ｐｕｂ. 1884);               19ｔｈ-23ｒｄ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔｓ,               1885-1889,               (ｐｕｂ. 1890);               1894-1906;1909-1922;1925-1936;               1937-1949.                Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ;               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ;               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒｓ. Ｈａｒｔｆｏｒｄ,               ＣＴ. Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ａｒｃｈｉｖｅｓ,               Ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ               (ＲＧ)               113,               ＣＴ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ. Ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               Ｂｏｘｅｓ               1               ａｎｄ               2.                Ｊａｍｅｓ               Ｃａｒｎａｈａｎ,               Ｅｄｉｔｏｒ,               Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｈｉｅｆ               ａｎｄ               Ｊｕｄｇｅ               Ａｄｖｏｃａｔｅｓ-Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｉｎｄｉａｎａｐｏｌｉｓ,               Ｈｅｓｓｅｌｍａｎ               Ｃｏ,               1884                Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ,               Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ:                Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒ               Ｌｏｇａｎ. Ｖｏｌｕｎｔｅｅｒ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ. Ｃｈｉｃａｇｏ               ａｎｄ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ,               Ｒ.Ｓ. Ｐｅａｌｅ               &               Ｃｏ.,               1887. Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ                Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ                Ｄａｉｌｙ               Ｎｅｂｒａｓｋａ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ,               Ｌｉｎｃｏｌｎ,               ＮＢ,               (Ｓｕｎｄａｙ               5               Ｊｕｎｅ               1887). Ａｃｃｅｓｓｅｄ               Ｄｅｃ2,               2004. ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｒｏｏｔｓｗｅｂ.ｃｏｍ/~ｎｅｒｅｓｏｕｒ/ＯＬＬｉｂｒａｒｙ/ｉｍｍｉｇｒ/ｉｍｍｇｒｇａｒ.ｈｔｍｌＨｉｓｔｏｒｙ               Ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ.ｃｏｍ. 1888               Ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ. Ａｃｃｅｓｓｅｄ               Ｄｅｃ. 2,               2004. ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｍｕｌｔｉｅｄ.ｃｏｍ/ｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ/1888ｓｔａｔｅ.ｈｔｍｌ                Ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ               Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ                Ｒｏｂｅｒｔ               Ｂ. Ｂｅａｔｈ'ｓ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ｂｒｙａｎ,               Ｔａｙｌｏｒ               &               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ;               Ｃｉｎｃｉｎｎａｔｉ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｊｏｎｅｓ               Ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒｓ               Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｉｎｇ               Ｃｏ.,               1888. Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ.                Ｍａｒｙ               Ｒｕｌｋｏｔｔｅｔ               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ. Ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｓ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇ. Ａ. Ｒ. Ｂａｔｏｎ               Ｒｏｕｇｅ:               Ｌｏｕｉｓｉａｎａ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1952.                Ｓｔｕａｒｔ               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ. Ｇｌｏｒｉｏｕｓ               Ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｍｅｎｔ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｒａｎｄ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ,               1865-1900. Ｃｈａｐｅｌ               Ｈｉｌｌ:               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ｃａｒｏｌｉｎａ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1992.                Ｇｅｏｒｇｅ               Ｆｒａｎｃｉｓ               Ｄａｗｓｏｎ. Ｌｉｆｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ａ. Ｌｏｇａｎ,               ａｓ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓｍａｎ. Ｃｈｉｃａｇｏ:               Ｂｅｌｆｏｒｄ,               Ｃｌａｒｋｅ               &               Ｃｏ.,               1887. Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ.                Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ               Ｈ. Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ. Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ,               1918.                Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍ               Ｈ. Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ. Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               Ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               Ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               ｉｎ                Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ,               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               Ｌａｗ,               Ｖｏｌ. 12;               Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｉａ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ. 1900. ｐｐ. 219               -               354.                Ｄｏｎａｌｄ               Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. ｉｎ               Ｈａｒｔｆｏｒｄ"               Ｍ.Ａ. Ｔｈｅｓｉｓ,               Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ,               2002. Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓｏｎ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｔｒｉｎｉｔｙ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ.                Ｅｎｄｎｏｔｅｓ                [ｉ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               15                               [ｉｉ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               49                               [ｉｉｉ]               Ｆｏｎｅｒ,               487                               [ｉｖ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               275                               [ｖ]               Ｓｅｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅｌｉｎｅ               ｃｈａｒｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ               Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ               ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｄｅｔａｉｌ.                [ｖｉ]               Ｆｏｒ               ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｐｅｎｓｉｏｎ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｓｅｅ               Ｈ.Ｒ. 10343               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｈｅｄ               Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ                               [ｖｉｉ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               111                               [ｖｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               133                               [ｉｘ]               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               18ｔｈ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. (1884)                               [ｘ]               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ,               ＣＴ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｃｏｌ. 113,               Ｂｏｘ               1               (Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               8,               1892)                               [ｘｉ]               Ｌｏｇａｎ,               1887,               584                               [ｘｉｉ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               194                               [ｘｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               200                               [ｘｉｖ]               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｏｒｄｅｒ,               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ＣＴ. Ｃｏｌ. 113,               Ｂｏｘ               1               (Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ               1,               1868)                               [ｘｖ]               Ｄａｗｓｏｎ,               497                               [ｘｖｉ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               134                               [ｘｖｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               138                               [ｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               316                               [ｘｉｘ]               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ.Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｎｎ.,               ＣＴ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ,               Ｃｏｌ. 113,               Ｂｏｘ               1               (Ａｕｇｕｓｔ               15,               1892)                               [ｘｘ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               320                               [ｘｘｉ]               Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               123                               [ｘｘｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               125                               [ｘｘｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               149                               [ｘｘｉｖ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               158                               [ｘｘｖ]               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               12ｔｈ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. (1884)               521                               [ｘｘｖｉ]               Ｓｅｅ               ｃｈａｒｔ               ｉｎ               Ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｘ                               [ｘｘｖｉｉ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               147                               [ｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               16ｔｈ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. (1884)               572-575                               [ｘｘｉｘ]               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               17ｔｈ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. (1884)               151-152                               [ｘｘｘ]               Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               210-1                               [ｘｘｘｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               223                               [ｘｘｘｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               225                               [ｘｘｘｉｉｉ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               149                               [ｘｘｘｉｖ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               307                               [ｘｘｘｖ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               308-9                               [ｘｘｘｖｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,324                               [ｘｘｘｖｉｉ]Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               21ｓｔ               Ｅｎｃａｍｐｍｅｎｔ,               Ｇ.Ａ.Ｒ. (1890),               231                               [ｘｘｘｖｉｉｉ]               Ｅｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌ:               Ｄａｉｌｙ               Ｎｅｂｒａｓｋａ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ,               Ｌｉｎｃｏｌｎ,               Ｓｕｎｄａｙ,               Ｊｕｎｅ               5ｔｈ               1887                               [ｘｘｘｉｘ]               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               340                               [ｘｌ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               344                               [ｘｌｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               389                               [ｘｌｉｉ]               Ｓｅｅ               Ｄｅａｒｉｎｇ,               390;               Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               220-25;               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｄａｔａ               ｏｎ               ＨｉｓｔｏｒｙＣｅｎｔｒａｌ.ｃｏｍ                               [ｘｌｉｉｉ]               Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               233                               [ｘｌｉｖ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               156                               [ｘｌｖ]               Ｇｌａｓｓｏｎ,               245                               [ｘｌｖｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               246                               [ｘｌｖｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               252                               [ｘｌｖｉｉｉ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               269                               [ｘｌｉｘ]               Ｉｂｉｄ.,               257                               [ｌ]               ＭｃＣｏｎｎｅｌｌ,               238

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