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About 'debt collection agencies ireland'|week ending Dec 17







About 'debt collection agencies ireland'|week ending Dec 17








Introduction               Over               50               years               has               passed               since               western               European               countries               started               banning               together               to               form               what               is               today               known               as               the               European               Union.

This               transition               has               been               gradual               but               significant,               and               today               most               of               Western               Europe               is               a               part               of               this               sub-continental               union.

In               exchange               for               a               portion               of               their               individual               country               sovereignty               (Reid,               2004,               pg.

1),               members               of               the               European               Union               have               acquired               added               power               in               international               trade,               internal               economic               stability               and               the               ability               to               travel,               live               and               conduct               business               with               other               EU               entities               without               the               political               barriers               that               once               existed.

(Lerner,               2004).

However,               while               there               is               an               obvious               advantage               to               forming               such               a               union,               the               United               States               has               been               somewhat               blind               to               the               growing               power               the               European               Union               has               developed,               and               has               even               been               blind               to               their               growing               interest               in               American               businesses.
               The               economic               power               that               the               European               Union               has               established               is               derived               from               their               amassed               wealth,               their               majority               presence               in               most               international               trade               organizations               and               from               their               strategic               investments               in               both               U.S.

businesses               and               in               other               foreign               businesses               and               markets.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

1               and               Ahammad               &               Glaister,               2008).

Their               publicized               position               on               their               new               found               economic               power               is               that               it               will               be               benignly               used               to               lead               the               world               towards               responsible               economics               and               peace.

(Anonymous,               2008).

However,               one               can               only               wonder               if               the               role               as               a               new               world               economic               superpower               will               lead               the               EU               to               revive               its               leaders'               thirst               for               world               domination               via               moral/economical               neo-colonialism.
               History               of               the               European               Union
               Shortly               after               World               War               II               many               Western               European               nations               worried               about               the               potential               that               Europe               would               be               a               battleground               for               the               next               World               War,               this               one               waged               primarily               between               the               United               States               and               Russia.

(Peters,               1999).

After               half               a               century               of               intense               warfare,               Europe               had               no               superpowers               left,               their               economies               were               drained               and               their               lands               ravaged.

(BBC,               2003).

This               made               each               country               vulnerable               to               invasion               and               manipulation               by               the               last               two               remaining               superpowers,               the               U.S.

and               Russia.

In               an               attempt               to               protect               their               remaining               assets,               several               Western               European               countries               started               talks               about               the               possibility               of               a               European               unification.
               The               Development               of               the               EU
               The               first               step               towards               a               European               Union               was               the               development               of               a               1950               agreement               aimed               at               combining               the               steel               and               coal               resources               of               European               countries.

(Peters,               1999).

This               agreement               was               proposed               by               Robert               Shuman,               who               was               the               French               foreign               ministers               at               the               time,               and               a               revised               version               of               this               proposal               was               implemented               in               1952               as               the               European               Coal               and               Steel               Community.

This               collaboration               involved               the               steel               and               coal               resources               of               Belgium,               Italy,               the               Netherlands,               France,               Luxembourg               and               West               Germany.

(Peters,               1999).

By               1958               this               successful               cooperative               expanded               to               include               numerous               commodities               and               trade               activities,               and               was               renamed               the               European               Economic               Community.

This               organization               was               the               foundation               of               what               we               now               call               the               European               Union,               however,               a               few               steps               were               still               required               before               the               official               unification               would               occur.

In               1992               the               Treaty               of               Maatricht               created               the               official               European               Union               and               it               added               defense,               home               affairs,               justice               and               a               common               currency               to               the               activities               managed               by               the               cooperative.

(Peters,               1999).

By               2005,               the               European               Union               had               25               official               members               including:               "Austria,               Belgium,               Cyprus,               the               Czech               Republic,               Denmark,               Estonia,               Finland,               France,               Germany,               Greece,               Hungary,               Ireland,               Italy,               Latvia,               Lithuania,               Luxembourg,               Malta,               the               Netherlands,               Poland,               Portugal,               Slovakia,               Slovania,               Spain,               Sweden               and               the               United               Kingdom."               (Peters,               1999).

The               EU               also               had               4               candidate               countries               waiting               to               be               admitted               to               the               union.
               Organization               of               the               EU
               The               EU               is               made               up               of               three               main               governing               bodies,               the               Council               of               the               European               Union,               the               European               Parliament               and               the               European               Commission.

(Peters,               1999               &               Anonymous,               1995).

The               Council               of               the               European               Union               is               made               up               of               representatives               from               each               member               country               and               it               is               the               main               governing               body               for               the               EU.

This               is               where               most               of               the               decision               making               is               made.

The               European               Parliament               is               intended               to               represent               the               interests               of               the               citizens               of               the               European               Union.

This               governing               body               is               mainly               responsible               for               establishing               and               managing               the               EU               budget.

The               final               governing               body,               the               European               Commission               focuses               its               efforts               on               the               wellbeing               of               the               entire               continent               of               Europe.

This               is               the               EU's               representative               arm.

This               is               where               issues               are               discussed               and               debated               before               they               are               sent               to               the               other               governing               bodies               for               action.

(Peters,               1999).
               Membership               Requirements
               While               it               may               seem               logical               that               a               governing               body               called               the               "European               Union"               would               open               its               membership               to               all               of               the               countries               in               Europe,               this               is               not               the               case.

Since               one               of               the               purposes               of               this               organization               is               to               promote               democracy               and               human               rights,               there               are               several               requirements               that               countries               have               to               meet               before               they               are               allowed               to               pledge               their               application               to               this               group.

The               most               important               requirement               is               that               the               country               has               to               have               some               form               of               representative               government,               this               includes               democracies               and               parliamentary               government               systems.

(Lerner,               2004).

The               second               requirement               to               join               the               EU               is               that               the               candidate               country               has               to               have               a               "functioning               market               economy."               (Larobina,               2001).

Other               requirements               include               "the               ability               to               compete               competitively               with               existing               market               forces               within               the               Union,"               the               ability               to               "meet               the               obligations               of               Union               members"               including               accepting               the               laws               that               have               already               been               established               by               the               EU               and               the               accession               of               the               new               country               "can't               jeopardize               the               level               of               integrity               the               Union               has               already               attained."               (Larobina,               2001).

As               can               be               ascertained               by               these               requirements,               the               EU               is               dedicated               to               creating               a               politically               and               economically               stable               organization               that               will               be               strengthened               with               each               new               member.
               European               Union               Financial               Profile
               Overall,               the               European               Union               has               the               strongest               economic               profile               in               the               world.

Even               the               United               States               is               outperformed               by               the               EU               in               terms               of               economic               strength               and               viability.

With               a               population               of               490.426               million               people               the               EU               has               a               GDP               of               US$13.08               trillion               (2006               est.).

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

In               comparison,               the               United               States'               GDP               for               the               same               year               was               US$12.4558               trillion               (World               Bank,               World               Development               Indicators               online               Database,               2006),               which               is               nearly               five               percent               less               than               the               EU's               GDP.

In               addition               to               having               a               strong               GDP               the               EU               also               has               a               reasonable               unemployment               rate               of               8.5               percent,               a               low               inflation               rate               of               1.9               percent               and               a               steady               and               strong               annual               growth               rate               of               2.9               percent.

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

Compared               to               the               United               States,               the               EU               has               a               higher               unemployment               rate,               as               the               U.S.'s               unemployment               rate               is               about               4.63               percent               (Anonymous,               2006)               so               in               this               area               the               U.S.

is               stronger,               however,               the               United               States               inflation               rate               is               higher               at               3.24               percent               (Anonymous,               2006)               and               its               annual               growth               rate               is               lower               at               1.88               percent.

(Anonymous,               2008).
               Economic               Resources
               EU's               stellar               GDP               was               created               by               utilizing               the               amazing               stores               of               natural               resources,               agricultural               resources               and               industrial               resources               that               the               EU               members               have               at               their               disposal.

In               terms               of               natural               resources               the               EU               has:               iron               ore,               natural               gas,               petroleum,               copper               ore,               lead,               hydropower,               arable               land,               uranium,               coal,               potash               and               zinc.

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

These               natural               resources               are               primarily               used               to               support               the               EU               industrial               activities,               which               include               the               production               and               processing               of               ferrous               metals               and               nonferrous               metals,               machining               tools,               producing               electronics,               fishing,               manufacturing               furniture,               producing               textiles,               manufacturing               metal               products,               designing               and               producing               automated               manufacturing               systems,               building               telecommunication               equipment,               producing               foodstuff               products,               and               manufacturing               paper               products.

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

Agriculture               is               also               an               important               factor               in               the               strength               of               the               EU               economy.

EU               countries               spend               a               lot               of               their               money               on               supporting               agricultural               industries               so               that               they               are               less               dependent               on               food               imports               and               to               support               their               foodstuff               export               market.

Some               of               the               agricultural               products               that               EU               members               produce               include:               wheat,               oilseeds,               wine,               dairy               products,               sheep,               poultry,               barley,               sugar               beets,               grapes,               cattle,               pigs               and               fish.

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

This               diversity               in               economies               and               money               making               industries               further               strengthens               the               EU               economic               profile.
               The               Euro
               Perhaps               the               most               instrumental               factor               to               the               emergence               of               the               EU               as               an               economic               superpower               is               the               Euro.

(Peters,               1999).

The               simple               act               of               having               a               single               currency               for               Europe               has               allowed               the               EU               to               create               a               much               stronger               and               stable               currency               (Pomeroy,               2004)               and               consequently               a               mush               more               secure               economy.

This               has               allowed               EU               members               to               bypass               many               problems               that               are               currently               affecting               many               foreign               currencies               including               fluctuating               currency               exchange               rates               and               cross               border               price               dispersion.

(Gil-Pareja,               2004).
               As               the               global               economy               has               evolved               many               countries               have               had               to               deal               with               the               fluctuations               in               exchange               rates.

(Anonymous,               1999).

These               fluctuations               can               make               international               trade               difficult               because               the               value               of               each               country's               currency               changes               on               a               daily               basis.

This               can               make               a               lucrative               trade               agreement               less               valuable               or               more               valuable               depending               on               what               the               current               exchange               rates               are               for               the               countries               involved               in               the               deal               on               the               day               the               deal               is               executed.

The               EU               gets               around               this               problem               by               having               a               single               currency               for               all               its               member               countries.

This               means               that               a               trade               deal               proposed               by               a               U.K.

firm               will               be               valued               the               same               in               Spain               as               it               would               in               Slovakia               because               they               all               use               the               Euro               as               their               official               currency.

This               minimizes               confusion               and               makes               trade               between               EU               members               easier               and               more               efficient               to               do.

(Peters,               1999).
               Price               dispersion               is               another               issue               that               international               trade               has               to               deal               with.

Price               dispersion               is               a               variation               in               prices               charged               to               different               buyers               for               the               same               exact               product.

(Gil-Paregaj,               2004).

The               EU               gets               around               this               problem               by               using               the               Euro               as               their               common               currency.

By               eliminating,               or               at               least               reducing               the               amount               of               price               dispersion               within               the               EU               trade               circles,               political               tension               can               be               reduced,               mutually               beneficial               trade               relationships               can               be               developed               and               a               stronger               negotiating               platform               can               be               developed               for               EU               members.

This               provides               the               EU               with               a               very               stable               economic               structure               that               will               keep               the               EU               in               the               top               economic               position               as               a               world               superpower.
               European               Union               Individual               Member               Contributions
               The               operating               budget               for               the               European               Union               is               comprised               of               contributions               made               by               each               member               country.

Each               member               country               is               required               to               pay               to               the               EU               one               percent               of               their               GDP.

This               contribution               process               produced               an               operating               budget               of               US$129.2               billion               in               2008               alone.

(Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs,               2007).

This               money               is               used               to               run               projects               funded               by               the               EU,               as               well               as               to               maintain               EU               organizations.

However,               the               real               economic               power               that               the               EU               has               derives               from               the               pooled               resources               of               its               member               countries.
               (Reid,               2004,               pg.

247-270)
               EU               Member
               GDP               ($US               Billion)
               EU               Member
               GDP               ($US               Billion)
               Ireland
               92.722
               Austria
               227.14
               U.K.
               1441.449
               Italy
               1442.5
               Portugal
               113.8
               Poland
               370.5
               Spain
               595.728
               Czech               Republic
               157.59
               France
               1432.448
               Slovakia
               65.88
               Belgium
               247.86
               Hungary
               134.33
               The               Netherlands
               437.92
               Slovenia
               34.2
               Luxembourg
               2.22006
               Greece
               201.4
               Norway
               161.9968
               Cyprus
               11.505
               Denmark
               159.03
               Malta
               6.749
               Sweden
               225.72
               The               Baltic               States
               15.26
               Finland
               136.24
               Latvia
               19.92
               Germany
               2215.78
               Lithuania
               29.88
               Switzerland
               231.41
               Total               EU               GDP
               10211.17786
               (Reid,               2004,               pg.

247-270)
               As               is               illustrated               by               the               above               figures,               the               GDP               of               each               EU               member               is               small               and               relatively               insignificant               when               compared               to               the               GDP               of               the               United               States.

However,               when               the               financial               resources,               natural               resources               and               labor               resources               from               all               of               the               individual               member               countries               are               combined,               they               create               a               GDP               and               economic               profile               that               will               be               difficult               to               rival               by               any               single               country,               including               the               United               States.
               Threat               Analysis
               From               the               most               basic               standpoint               the               evolution               of               the               European               Union               has               steadily               created               an               economic               threat               to               the               United               States               simply               by               pooling               their               available               economic               resources.

This               pooling               allows               the               EU               to               remain               strong               even               when               one               country               struggles               with               higher               unemployment               rates               or               low               GDPs,               because               the               stronger               members               make               up               for               the               struggling               countries'               deficits.

This               pooling               also               provides               the               EU               with               the               largest               collection               of               wealth               in               the               world               to               work               with               to               fund               its               program,               to               invest               in               foreign               and               domestic               commerce               and               to               provide               its               citizens               with               social               services               that               allow               them               to               live               a               comfortable               lifestyle               regardless               of               their               actual               annual               income.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

144-176).

This               strategy               not               only               produces               loyal               internal               members               to               the               EU,               but               it               forces               external               players               to               take               a               submissive               role               when               dealing               with               EU               firms               and               governmental               agencies.

This               is               a               role               that               the               U.S.

has               not               had               to               play               since               before               the               World               Wars               of               the               20th               century.

It               is               unclear               how               the               U.S.

will               respond               to               this               new               role,               or               how               much               tension               it               will               cause               between               the               EU               and               the               U.S.
               The               largest               economic               threat               that               the               European               Union               poses               to               the               United               States               comes               from               the               strength               of               the               Euro.

The               Euro,               which               the               United               States               has               all               but               ignored,               has               taken               control               of               both               EU               markets               and               foreign               markets               as               "the"               currency               of               choice.

Its               stability               and               high               value               has               lead               many               nations'               central               banks               to               use               it               as               its               primary               valuation               currency               as               opposed               to               the               U.S.

dollar,               which               has               traditionally               been               used               as               the               primary               valuation               currency.

Because               of               this,               American               businesses               and               government               agencies               conducting               international               business               deals               have               to               carry               the               expense               for               currency               exchange               rates.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

85-86).

Another               problem               that               has               emerged               from               the               worldwide               preference               of               the               Euro,               is               that               the               U.S.

government               now               has               to               pay               higher               interest               rates               to               finance               its               debt               via               U.S.

Treasury               bonds               because               foreign               country               central               banks               have               devalued               the               U.S.

dollar's               performance               potential.

This               means               that               financing               the               growing               U.S.

budget               deficit               is               now               more               expensive               than               ever               before.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

85-86).
               Foreign               Investments
               Right               now               the               European               Union               is               the               "largest               trading               entity               in               the               world."               (Anonymous,               1995).

This               is               due               to               several               factors               including               the               EU's               dedication               to               creating               lucrative               trade               agreements               that               promote               free               trade               arrangements               with               countries               outside               of               the               EU.

For               example,               in               1992               the               EU               entered               into               a               very               lucrative               deal               with               European               Free               Trade               Association               that               broadened               the               trade               possibilities               with               then               non-members               of               the               EU.

(Anonymous,               1995).

By               1994               the               EU               had               negotiated               several               new               trade               deals               with               the               Ukraine,               Kyrgystan,               Belarus,               Kazakhstan               and               Moldova,               as               well               numerous               African,               Pacific               and               Caribbean               countries.

(Anonymous,               1995).
               The               United               Kingdom
               The               United               Kingdom               is               one               of               the               most               active               investors               in               foreign               markets.

Between               1996               and               2005               they               spent               over               520               billion               pounds               sterling,               or               US$772.98               billion               on               cross-border               mergers               and               acquisitions               (Ahammad               and               Glaister,               2008)               as               can               be               seen               in               the               graph               found               below.

However,               the               amount               of               direct               foreign               investments               into               the               U.K.

has               been               a               relative               rollercoaster               over               the               last               decade.

In               1997               the               U.K.

received               US$30.17595               billion               (Anonymous,               1999)               in               direct               foreign               investments.

This               amount               increased               in               1998               to               US$57.3789               billion.

(Anonymous,               1999).

The               growth               in               direct               foreign               investments               continued               to               increase               to               a               record               high               of               US$130               billion               in               2000               (Anonymous,               2001               and               Thornton,               2003).

However,               this               peak               was               followed               by               a               sharp               decline               in               2001               to               US$62               billion               and               another               decline               in               2002               to               US$25               billion.

(Thornton,               2003).

After               several               disappointing               years,               things               finally               started               to               turn               around               for               the               U.K.

and               by               2005               direct               foreign               investments               in               U.K.

firms               were               up               33               percent               (Thornton,               2005)               producing               a               record               year               of               US$219               billion,               which               pushed               U.K.

ahead               of               the               United               States               in               FDI               (foreign               direct               investments).

(Anonymous,               2006).
               (Ahammad               and               Glasiter,               2008)
               Interest               in               the               United               States
               The               strength               of               the               EU               is               heavily               tied               to               their               trade               with               the               United               States.

In               fact,               the               United               States               is               the               number               one               trade               partner               that               the               EU               has.

(Anonymous,               1995).

EU               investments               in               the               U.S.

account               for               66               percent               of               the               world's               foreign               direct               investments.

(Moravcsik,               2007).

The               U.S.

has               also               invested               a               sizable               amount               of               money               in               EU               firms.

For               example,               the               U.S.

invests               more               capital               in               small               EU               countries               like               Switzerland               and               Belgium,               than               they               do               in               large               countries               like               China               and               India.

The               reason               behind               these               investment               strategies               is               obvious,               U.S.

firms               make               more               money               with               their               EU               investments               then               their               China/India               investments.

In               2006               the               U.S.

investment               earnings               produced               by               U.S.

direct               foreign               investments               in               Swiss               firms               produced               400               percent               larger               returns               than               its               investments               in               Chinese               firms               produced               and               2300               percent               larger               returns               than               its               India               investments               produced.

(Moravcsik,               2007).
               Brand
               Corporation
               Country
               Annual               Revenue
               DKNY
               LVMH
               France
               95.80               M               (DKNY               only)
               Pearl               Vision
               Luxottica
               Italy
               232.60M               (Pearl               Vision               only)
               Brooks               Brothers
               R.B.Alliance
               Italy
               260.20M               (Brooks               Brothers               only)
               Archway               Cookies
               Parmalat
               Italy
               900.9M*               (Total               Parmalat)
               Hellman's               Mayonnaise,               Dove               Soap,
               Vaseline,               Bird's               Eye               Frozen               Foods,               and               more
               Unilever
               Netherlands
               58.214B               (Total               Unilever)
               Mazola               Oil               and               other               Best               Foods               Products
               ABF
               U.K.
               8.6B               (Total               ABF)
               Libby's               Pineapple,               Taster's               Choice               and
               other               Nestle               Products
               Nestle
               Switzerland
               74.6586B               (Total               Nestle)
               Hawaiian               Punch,               Snapple               and               other               products
               Cadbury               Schweppes
               U.K.
               527.1915M               (Total               Cadbury               Schweppes)
               Total
               143.489B
               *               Based               on               9               month               revenue               1998
               (SEC,               2008,               CNBC.com,               2008,               Anonymous,               2000,               CNNMONey.com,               2008,               Anonymous,               2007,               &               Yahoo!

Finance,               2008)
               Over               the               last               decade               European               companies               have               been               focusing               a               large               portion               of               their               capital               on               American               investments.

The               appeal               of               buying               American               companies               or               opening               companies               in               the               U.S.

as               opposed               to               buying               EU               companies               and               opening               companies               in               an               EU               country               is               that               the               strength               of               the               Euro               and               the               relative               weakness               of               the               US               dollar               make               it               much               cheaper               to               own               and               operate               businesses               in               the               U.S.

(Naim,               2008,               pg.

97).

The               affordability               of               U.S.

commerce               can               be               illustrated               by               looking               at               how               the               shift               in               currency               strength               has               made               it               possible               for               so               many               EU               firms               to               move               across               the               Atlantic.

For               example,               the               growth               of               the               Euro               and               the               decline               of               the               U.S.

dollar               over               the               last               five               years               now               make               it               about               26.5               percent               cheaper               for               EU               firms               to               buy               a               company               in               the               U.S.

(Naim,               2008,               pg.

97).

In               addition               to               the               affordability               of               acquiring               new               businesses,               EU               firms               are               also               finding               it               cheaper               to               operate               their               businesses               in               the               U.S.

than               in               EU               countries.

The               operating               cost               difference               between               an               American               firm               and               an               EU               firm               is               caused               by               a               16               percent               higher               EU               payroll               cost               and               a               60               percent               higher               EU               energy               cost.

(Naim,               2008,               pg.

97).
               Threat               Analysis
               The               European               Union               is               "the               largest               trading               entity               in               the               world."               (Anonymous,               1995).

However,               this               doesn't               necessarily               mean               that               it               is               the               strongest               or               most               influential.

When               you               examine               the               EU               as               a               trading               entity               it               is               difficult               to               predict               how               it               will               shape               the               future               of               the               global               economy.

What               is               obvious               is               that               the               EU               has               the               financial               resources               and               the               size               needed               to               take               control               of               the               global               economy               and               to               direct               transactions               and               trade               methodologies.

However,               as               to               date,               the               EU               has               really               only               established               trade               relationships               that               benefit               the               EU               and               that               are               designed               to               open               trade               up               for               the               EU               as               well               as               other               non-EU               countries.

These               activities               are               beneficial               to               the               United               States               in               that               they               break               down               some               trade               barriers,               such               as               large               tariffs               and               price               dispersions,               however,               an               underlying               threat               does               exist.

If               the               EU               is               seen               as               the               puppet               master               of               the               world's               trade               relationships,               they               can               easily               manipulate               these               relationships               to               give               themselves               an               overt               advantage               in               international               trade,               or               they               can               punish               the               U.S.

for               non-compliance               to               their               political               and               economic               demands.

This               could               cost               the               U.S.

significantly,               and               could               create               trade               and               political               barriers               between               the               world's               two               economic               superpowers.
               It               is               not               practical               to               predict               if               the               EU               will               be               able               to               retain               its               current               title               as               the               world's               top               economic               superpower.

After               all               it               really               has               only               been               a               solvent               union               since               1992.

In               the               years               since               it               was               officiated,               the               EU               has               experienced               ups               and               downs,               and               has               faced               internal               turmoil.

For               example,               the               historical               political               rivalries               and               tension               between               European               nations               continuously               causes               turmoil               in               the               EU.

In               2003               a               tasteless               comparison               of               a               German               socialist               MEP               to               a               Nazi               concentration               camp               leader               sparked               political               and               social               turmoil               throughout               the               EU.

(Castle,               2003).

This               is               not               an               isolated               incident,               as               name               calling               and               internal               feuds               between               countries               and               political               parties               seems               commonplace               within               the               governing               bodies               of               the               EU.

Just               look               at               the               fallout               from               the               remarks               made               by               a               member               of               the               social               democratic               party               that               stated               that               the               "U.S.

wants               to               stay               in               Iraq               to               control               the               oil."               (Anonymous,               2003).

This               remark               was               not               criticized               because               it               attacked               the               U.S.,               but               because               it               went               against               the               majority               opinion               of               the               EU               Commission.

This               suggests               that               dissent               from               the               majority               opinion               of               the               EU               governing               bodies               is               going               to               be               fuel               for               turmoil               and               this               will               undoubtedly               weaken               the               longevity               and               stability               of               the               EU.
               The               real               threat               to               the               United               State               derives               from               the               substantial               number               of               foreign               investment               relationships               that               exist               between               United               States               firms               and               EU               firms.

These               relationships               have               become               so               numerous               that               the               failure               of               one               economy               will               inevitable               lead               to               the               failure,               or               at               least               the               weakening               of               the               other.

The               United               States               invests               most               of               its               foreign               investment               capital               in               EU               firms               and               vise               versa.

This               creates               a               situation               where               the               U.S.

needs               to               be               more               aware               of               how               inter-twind               the               US               economy               now               is               with               the               EU               economy.

If               U.S               firms               and               consumers               fail               to               understand               how               present               the               EU               is               in               the               United               States,               we               could               fall               prey               to               economic               manipulation               by               the               EU.

For               example,               the               EU               could               threaten               to               pull               its               investments               from               the               U.S.

causing               the               U.S.

to               lose               hundreds               of               thousands               of               jobs               and               billions               of               dollars               in               taxable               business               revenue,               if               the               U.S.

doesn't               bow               down               to               their               international               trade               morals               and               philosophies,               such               as               opening               up               trade               with               countries               that               the               U.S.

now               boycotts               like               Cuba.
               Controlling               International               Business
               In               addition               to               having               a               the               largest               pool               of               wealth               to               draw               from               to               orchestrate               its               own               internal               business               deals,               the               European               Union               also               uses               its               new               position               as               an               economic               superpower               to               control               business               on               an               international               level               as               well.

The               European               Union               has               made               it               known               that               they               not               only               have               the               power               to               monitor               and               control               large               business               deals               that               affect               their               members,               but               that               they               are               more               than               willing               to               flex               their               economic               muscle               power               to               ensure               the               outcomes               they               want               are               achieved.

(European               Union,               2008).

The               most               blatant               example               of               this               flexing               was               witnessed               during               the               annihilation               of               the               GE/Honeywell               merger               back               in               July               of               2001.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

88).
               This               merger,               if               it               had               been               completed,               would               have               been               worth               US$45               billion,               which               was               the               largest               deal               in               history.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

89).

However,               the               European               Union               felt               that               the               merger               would               infringe               on               international               antitrust               laws               and               so               they               went               head               to               head               with               the               U.S.

Justice               Department               to               stop               the               merger.

To               the               United               States'               surprise,               and               to               the               surprise               of               G.E.

and               Honeywell,               the               EU               was               successful               at               shooting               down               this               merger.

This               was               not               the               first               big               merger               that               the               EU               had               been               successful               at               stopping,               in               2000               it               had               preemptively               shot               down               a               merger               between               MCI               and               Sprint               before               the               U.S.

officials               even               had               a               chance               to               review               the               deal.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

90).

Other               deals               that               were               halted               by               the               EU               include               mergers               proposed               by               the               Coca               Cola               Company               and               by               Microsoft.

(Reid,               2004,               pg.

90-91).

However,               what               is               interesting,               is               that               if               you               look               at               the               track               record               reported               by               the               European               Union,               they               only               claim               to               have               stopped               the               G.E.-Honeywell               merger.

They               do               not               list               the               other               above               mentioned               proposed               mergers.

(European               Union,               2008).
               The               European               Union               claim               that               they               are               working               towards               open               but               responsible               international               trade               and               economic               methodologies.

They               report               that               their               heavyhandedness               towards               international               mergers,               especially               those               that               involve               U.S.

companies,               is               exaggerated.

They               claim               that               the               only               merger               they               stopped               was               the               one               proposed               on               July               3,               2001               by               General               Electrics               and               Honeywell.

(European               Union,               2008).

They               further               claim               that               nay               sayers               are               failing               to               report               on               are               their               906               mergers               that               involve               U.S.

companies               that               they               have               approved.

(European               Union,               2008).

This               creates               a               somewhat               contradictory               portrait               of               the               European               Union,               one               that               will               need               to               be               clarified               quickly               by               the               United               States               to               prevent               international               static               from               inhibiting               valuable               mergers               and               international               deals               from               being               successful               executed.
               Threat               Analysis
               While               the               European               Union               claims               that               its               goal               is               not               to               impede               international               business               (Von               Wogau               and               Rapp-Jung,               2008,               pg.

47)               but               to               develop               a               more               lucrative               and               level               playing               ground               for               international               trade,               their               actions               seem               to               contradict               this               position.

To               start               with,               they               have               routinely               punished               and               impeded               the               international               business               practices               of               large               U.S.

corporations               by               imposing               large               fines               and               implementing               merger               impediments.

For               example,               in               2004               the               EU               fined               Microsoft,               which               does               about               "30               percent               of               its               business               in               Europe"               (Geitner,               2004)               $615               million               for               "alleged               antitrust               abuses."               (Geitner,               2004).

In               2000               it               caused               so               much               problems               for               the               MCI/Sprint               merger               that               it               was               abandoned               before               the               U.S.

Justice               System               had               the               chance               to               evaluate               the               merger,               and               in               2001               it               effectively               shot               down               the               General               Electrics/Honeywell               merger.

(Reid,               2004).
               In               addition               to               taking               control               of               international               mergers               and               antitrust               situations,               the               European               Union               has               begun               to               branch               out               its               controlling               mechanisms               and               strategies               for               international               business.

For               example,               in               2007               the               EU               coerced               Kraft               to               sell               new               brands               in               Spain               and               Hungary,               in               exchange               for               the               EU's               approval               of               their               acquisition               of               the               Danone's               Biscuit               Business.

(Anonymous,               2007).

They               further               extended               their               reach               by               implementing               new               legislation               that               would               address               the               validity               of               lumber               acquisitions               for               building               and               manufacturing               by               their               members               as               well               as               by               non-EU               members.

(Anonymous,               2008).
               It               is               clear               that               the               current               strategies               used               by               the               European               Union               to               control               international               business               have               the               potential               for               both               good               and               bad.

On               the               positive               side,               the               EU               is               taking               steps               to               stop               illegal               logging               and               immoral               trade               practices               (Anonymous,               2008),               however,               they               are               also               taking               more               liberties               on               what               business               deals               they               feel               that               they               are               entitled               to               weigh               in               on               and               control.

This               is               where               the               threat               to               the               United               States               is               going               to               stem               from.

If               the               European               Union               continues               to               interfere               with               large               scale               mergers,               and               to               override               judgments               on               antitrust               cases,               the               United               States               may               find               it               difficult               to               maintain               control               of               their               own               economy               and               businesses.

This               could               be               devastating               to               the               U.S.

economy               as               well               as               to               the               worldview               of               the               United               States.

For               example,               if               the               EU               takes               control               of               all               international               mergers               and               large               U.S.

company               mergers,               then               the               world's               countries               may               feel               that               the               U.S.

government               is               weakening               and               this               would               make               the               U.S.

a               target               for               hostilities,               international               terrorism               strikes               and               possible               invasion               conspiracies.
               EU               Military               Power
               While               the               European               Union               has               not               made               formal               declarations               that               they               intend               to               become               a               military               superpower,               or               that               they               intend               to               try               and               overtake               the               United               States               as               a               military               superpower,               recent               activities               by               the               EU               suggest               otherwise.

In               2004               funding               was               approved               by               the               foreign               minister               of               the               European               Union               to               create               the               European               Defense               Agency.

(Anonymous,               2004).

This               agency               was               developed               to               sure               up               the               defense               deficiencies               of               its               member               countries.

As               reported,               the               European               Defense               Agency               will               be               spending               two               million               Euros               to               start               up               this               agency               and               spend               an               average               of               25               million               Euros               a               year               on               hardware               purchases,               staffing,               and               promoting               European               defense               research.

(Anonymous,               2004).

This               is               the               first               step               in               a               six               year               program               that               intends               on               developing               nine               battlegroups               with               quick               deployment               capabilities,               the               acquisition               of               an               aircraft               carrier,               the               development               of               an               air               and               naval               escort               for               their               aircraft               carrier,               the               development               of               an               airlift               command               system               and               a               defense               communications               network               (with               satellites)               by               the               year               2010.

(Anonymous,               2004).
               The               Threat
               While               the               European               Union               is               starting               to               spend               money               on               defense               and               they               are               starting               to               develop               their               own               defense               system,               their               spending               is               minute               compared               to               what               the               United               States               spends.

(Dempsey,               2008).

For               example,               in               2005               the               EU               planned               to               spend               25               million               Euros               which               is               about               US$37.1625               million               (Anonymous,               2004),               while               the               United               States               spent               US$521               billion               on               defense               in               2004.

(Anonymous,               2004).

As               this               comparison               shows,               the               military               threat               produced               by               the               EU               is               almost               non-existent.

However,               this               first               figure               is               somewhat               misleading,               after               all               the               European               Union's               defense               spending               is               only               a               small               portion               of               what               each               member               of               the               union               is               also               spending               on               their               defense               systems.

When               these               figures               are               taken               into               account               a               much               more               impressive               defense               budget               is               realized.
               Right               now               it               is               estimated               that               each               EU               member               spends               an               average               of               1.78               percent               of               their               GDP               on               defense,               the               U.S.

spends               about               4.7               percent               of               its               GDP               on               defense.

(Anonymous,               2008).

This               clearly               shows               that               the               U.S.

has               a               significant               advantage               when               it               comes               to               military               strength.

However,               the               European               Defense               Agency               announced               in               April               2008               that               it               was               aiming               at               increasing               its               members'               defense               spending               to               two               percent               of               their               GDP.

(Anonymous,               2008).

While               this               is               still               less               than               half               of               the               U.S.

defense               spending               ratio,               it               does               raise               a               red               flag               for               the               possibility               of               continued               increases               in               EU               defense               spending.
               Year
               U.S.

Defense               Spending
               Total               EU               Defense               Spending
               2005
               $624               billion
               $296               billion
               2006
               $755               billion
               $309               billion
               (Anonymous,               2008)
               However,               while               the               European               Union               is               increasing               the               amount               of               money               they               are               investing               in               defense,               there               is               only               a               marginal               chance               that               they               will               ever               be               able               to               work               together               as               single               military               unit               as               the               German               foreign               minister               hopes.

(Castle,               1998).

This               is               because               each               member               of               the               EU               is               responsible               for               their               own               defense               and               counterterrorism               systems.

The               amount               of               money               that               each               member               spends               on               defense               is               based,               not               on               a               static               percentage               of               their               GDP               proposed               by               the               EU,               but               on               their               self-perceived               threat               of               attack               and               on               their               country's               financial               position.

(Armitrage,               2007).

This               coupled               with               the               political               and               philosophical               differences               that               exist               between               EU               members,               especially               in               regards               to               military               spending,               make               it               highly               unlikely               that               the               EU               defense               system               will               ever               be               more               than               just               a               defense               patch               for               deficits               in               domestic               defense               systems               already               in               place               in               its               members'               homelands.
               In               regards               to               the               threat               that               the               development               of               an               EU               military               could               have               on               the               United               States'               economy,               a               slightly               more               realistic               threat               does               exist.

In               this               case               the               EU               could               use               its               marginal               military               power               to               block               U.S.

commercial               vessels               from               ports,               or               it               could               call               on               the               United               States               to               supplement               its               military               to               protect               its               assets.

Both               of               these               actions               could               cost               the               United               States               billions               of               dollars.

These               types               of               economic               problems               are               more               likely               then               problems               caused               by               offensive               military               actions               aimed               at               the               U.S.
               Summary               of               the               Economic               Threats               Posed               by               the               EU               Evolution
               Currently               the               European               Union               is               not               posing               more               than               a               moderate               threat               to               the               stability               of               the               United               States.

However,               time               will               only               tell               if               the               seemingly               benign               EU               will               lead               to               a               raised               threat               level.

Summarized               below               are               the               perceived               EU               threats               and               their               threat               analyses.
               1.

The               European               Union               has               control               of               the               largest               mass               of               wealth               in               the               world.

Their               collective               GDP               is               $13.08               trillion               compared               to               the               United               States'               $12.4558               trillion               GDP.

The               threat               level               for               this               issue               is               high.

The               more               money               that               the               EU               has               to               work               with,               the               more               power               they               will               have               over               international               economies,               international               politics               and               international               relationships.

The               United               States               needs               to               watch               how               the               EU               uses               their               wealth               over               the               next               several               years               to               determine               how               the               money               is               used               and               how               well               it               is               managed.
               2.

The               Euro               is               replacing               the               US               dollar               as               the               primary               valuation               currency               in               international               markets.

This               is               another               issue               that               needs               to               be               rated               with               a               high               threat               level.

Already               the               United               States'               economy               has               been               negatively               affected               by               the               Euro's               superior               performance.

For               example,               it               has               raised               the               price               for               financing               U.S.

debts               and               it               has               forced               U.S.

businesses               to               carry               exchange               rate               costs               on               their               international               deals.
               3.

The               European               Union               is               considered               to               be               the               world's               largest               trading               entity.

This               too               needs               to               be               rated               with               a               high               threat               risk.

Its               presence               in               most               of               the               world's               top               trade               organizations               often               times               overrules               U.S.

votes               within               these               organizations.

This               gives               the               EU               a               significant               advantage               in               international               business               deals               and               policy               making               sessions.

If               left               unchecked,               this               could               force               U.S.

businesses               and               the               U.S.

government               to               accept               deals               and               policies               that               it               doesn't               agree               with               or               feel               are               fair.
               4.

The               European               Union               is               interested               in               controlling               international               business.

Right               now               this               issue               has               a               moderate               threat               risk.

While               there               have               been               instances               where               the               EU               has               interfered               in               U.S.

business               deals,               or               impacted               U.S.

businesses               in               a               negative               way,               their               actions               have               traditionally               been               positive.

For               example,               there               are               only               a               few               examples               of               the               EU               stopping               a               merger               or               fining               a               large               U.S.

corporation,               while               there               are               over               900               examples               of               allowed               mergers               and               multiple               examples               of               positive               steps               the               EU               has               taken               to               make               international               trade               more               efficient,               more               eco-friendly               and               more               moral.
               5.

The               European               Union               has               a               deep               and               complicated               relationship               with               the               United               States.

This               issue               is               also               rated               as               a               moderate               threat               risk.

While               it               has               the               potential               to               impact               the               U.S.

economy               is               a               very               negative               way,               right               now               that               seems               unlikely,               as               the               EU               economy               is               just               as               dependent               on               the               health               of               the               U.S.

economy               as               the               U.S.

is               dependent               on               the               continued               investments               and               business               relationships               that               they               have               with               the               EU.

Because               of               this               reason,               it               is               unlikely               that               the               EU               would               risk               their               own               financial               security               to               "make               a               point"               or               to               "make               an               example"               of               the               U.S.
               6.

The               EU               is               beefing               up               their               military.

This               issue               is               classified               as               a               low               threat               risk.

Right               now               the               EU               is               spending               only               a               small               fraction               of               what               the               U.S.

spends               on               defense.

With               the               social               and               political               systems               set               up               with               the               EU               it               is               unlikely               that               the               EU               would               be               able               to               get               approval               for               the               amount               of               defense               spending               that               would               be               required               to               even               come               close               to               the               military               capabilities               of               the               United               States.

However,               this               does               not               mean               the               United               States               can               turn               their               backs               to               the               EU.

Their               military               development               needs               to               be               monitored               and               kept               in               check               to               avoid               problems               and               potential               threats               in               the               future.
               7.

The               EU's               military               poses               economic               threats               that               the               U.S.

can't               ignore.

Another               low               risk               threat               that               exists               is               the               potential               for               the               EU               military               to               engage               in               activities               that               will               require               the               U.S.

to               back               them               up.

In               this               case               the               U.S.

would               need               to               spend               millions               or               even               billions               of               dollars               to               supplement               the               inferior               military,               or               militaries,               of               the               EU.
               Conclusion
               The               economic               threat               that               the               European               Union               poses               is               serious,               but               right               now               it               is               not               terminal.

The               primary               threats               come               from               the               traditional               need               of               European               countries               to               control               and               groom               other               countries               to               conform               to               morals               and               philosophies               that               they               feel               are               appropriate.

As               was               seen               during               the               17th               and               18th               centuries               when               European               colonialism               created               deep               seated               devastation               around               the               world,               it               is               possible               the               same               type               of               negative               outcome               could               develop               if               the               EU               power               over               international               business               is               not               kept               in               check.

While               the               EU               isn't               trying               to               physically               re-colonize               the               world,               they               seem               to               be               applying               many               of               the               same               underlying               principals               of               colonization               via               economic               policies.

In               order               to               protect               its               interests,               and               to               avoid               being               subjected               to               economic               neo-colonialism               fostered               by               the               European               Union,               the               United               States               needs               to               not               only               recognize               the               threats               that               the               evolving               European               Union               poses,               such               as               their               ability               to               control               and               manipulate               international               business               deals,               but               they               also               have               to               take               counter               active               measures               to               ensure               their               own               position               of               economic               power               in               the               global               economy,               such               as               participating               more               animatedly               in               international               trade               organizations               and               taking               a               more               active               role               in               international               business               law               debates               and               policy               making               sessions.

This               is               not               the               time               to               turn               a               blind               eye               to               the               EU.

This               strategy               has               already               cost               the               U.S.

billions               of               dollars               in               interest               and               business               deals.

Now               is               the               time               to               be               a               world               leader,               something               the               United               States               once               prided               itself               in               doing.
               References
               Ahmmad,               Mohammed               Faisal               and               Glaister,               Keith               W.

(2008).

Recent               trends               in               U.K.

cross-border               mergers               and               acquisitions."               Management               Research               News,               31(2):               86-98.

Online               version               accessed               08.30.08               from               http://www.proquest
               Anonymous.

(1995,               June               26).

"Fact               sheet:               European               Union."               US               Department               of               State               Dispatch.

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               Anonymous.

(1999,               November               22).

"Fluctuating               currencies               a               concern               for               traders."               Business               Asia.

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               ai_58079842?tag=content;col1
               Anonymous.

(1999,               December               16).

"Foreign               investments               in               U.K.

grows."               The               London               Independent.

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               Anonymous.

(2000).

"Rafhan               Best               foods               Limited."               PakSearch.com               Retrieved               08.30.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.paksearch.com/annual/annual00/RAFHAN.htm
               Anonymous.

(2001,               J               uly               12).

"Record               foreign               investment               in               U.K."               The               London               Independent.

Online               version               accessed               08.31.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010712/ai_n14415466?tag=content;col               1
               Anonymous.

(2003,               May               9).

"Danish               EU               Commissioner               creates               turmoil               with               remark."               Nordic               Business               Report.

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               Anonymous.

(2004,               August).

"European               Union               defense."               Signal.

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               Anonymous.

(2005).

"Economic               activity               and               trade."               Europa.

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               Anonymous.

(2006).

"The               UK               attracted               $219               billion               in               foreign               investments               -               beating               the               United               States."               Business               Wire.

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               Anonymous.

(2006).

"The               U.S.

unemployment               rate               -               1948               to               2007."               Misery               Index.

Retrieved               08.31.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.miseryindex.us/URbyyear.asp
               Anonymous.

(2007).

"Cadbury               Schweppes."               Investis               Retrieved               08.30.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.invvestis.com/cadburyschweppes/reports/anr2006/fs/csrie.html
               Anonymous.

(2007,               November               19).

"The               European               Union."               Food               &               Drink               Weekly.

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               Anonymous.

(2008).

"US               gross               domestic               product               GDP               forecast."               Forecasts               Retrieved               08.31.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.forecasts.org/gdp.htm
               Anonymous.

(2008,               May).

"European               Union."               Paper               360               Degrees.

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               Anonymous.

(2008,               April).

"The               State               of               the               (European)               Union:               Making               US               defense               spending               look               efficient."               World               Security               Institute,               Brussels.

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               Anonymous.

(2008,               August               11).

"Projection               sees               $30.6               billion               military               satellites               market               over               decade."               Space               &               Missile               Defense               Report,               9(31).

Online               version               accessed               08.29.08               from               http://www.proquest.com
               Armitrage,               David               T               (Jr.)               (2007,               November).

"The               European               Union:               measuring               counterterrorism               cooperation."               Strategic               Forum.

Online               version               accessed               08.31.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QZY/is_229/ai_n27453894?tag=content;col1
               BBC.

(2003).

"Europe's               changing               borders."               BBC.

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               Bureau               of               European               and               Eurasian               Affairs.

(2007,               November               2).

"European               Union               profile."               US               Department               of               State.

Retrieved               08.31.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/54126.htm
               Castle,               Stephen.

(1998,               November               26).

"Common               EU               army               is               Fisher's               goal."               The               London               Independent.

Online               version               accessed               08.31.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19981126/ai_n14198936?tag=content;col               1
               Castle,               Stephen.

(2003,               July               3).

"Berlusconi               puts               EU               presidency               in               turmoil               with               Nazi               insult."               The               London               Independent.

Online               version               accessed               08.31.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20030703/ai_n12704730?tag=content;col               1
               CNBC.com.

(2008,               February).

"Unilever               profit               rises,               upbeat               on               outlook."               CNBC.com               Retrieved               08.30.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.cnbc.com/id/23044678
               CNNMoney.com.

(2008).

"Nestle."               CNNMoney.com               Retrieved               08.30.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2006/snapshots/930.html
               Dempsey,               Judy.

(2008,               March               22).

"EU               defense               spending               may               clash               with               military               goals."               Herald               Tribune.

Online               version               accessed               08.31.08               from               http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/22/europe/defense.php
               Drucker,               Peter               F.

(2005,               Spring).

"Trading               places."               The               National               Interest.

Online               version               accessed               08.30.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2751/is_79/ai_n13502257
               Edwards,               John.

(2008,               August               4).

"Forecast               international               projects               $30-plus               billion               military               satellite               market."               Forecast               International.

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               European               Union.

(2008,               March               12).

"Antitrust               (Competition)."               European               Union.

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               Geitner,               Paul.

(2004,               March               24).

"Microsoft:               European               Union               is               overreacting."               Oakland               Tribune.

Online               version               accessed               08.30.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20040324/ai_n14570855
               Gil-Pareja,               Salvador.

(2004,               November).

"Export               market               integration               in               the               European               Union."               Journal               of               Applied               Economics.

Online               version               accessed               08.30.08               from               http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5474/is_200411/ai_n21362660
               Moravcsik,               Andrew.

(2007,               March).

"The               golden               moment;               As               the               EU               celebrates               its               50th               birthday,               critics               say               it               has               one               foot               in               the               grave.

But               many               countries               now               look               there,               not               to               America,               as               a               model.;               [International               Edition]"               Newsweek.

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               Peters,               Lawrence.

(1999).

"European               union."               Encyclopedia               of               Business.

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               Posner,               Martin.

(2005,               august).

"Export."               Credit               Management.

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               Larobina,               Michael               D.

(2001,               Fall).

"A               report               on               Poland               and               European               Union               accession."               Multinational               Business               Review.

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               Lerner,               Adrienne               Wilmoth.

(2004).

"European               Union."               Encyclopedia               of               Espionage,               Intelligence,               and               Security.

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               Naim,               Moises.

(2008,               May/June).

"The               coming               Euroinvasion."               Foreign               Policy,               166:96+.

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               Pomeroy,               Ann.

(2004,               August).

"Currency               fluctuations               shift               cost-of-living               rankings."               HR               Magazine.

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               Reid,               T.R.

(2004).

The               United               States               of               Europe.

New               York,               NY:               Penguin               Books.
               SEC               Info.

(2008).

"Specialty               Foods               acquisitions               Corp.

8-K               for               10/14/98               EX99."               SECinfo.com               Retrieved               from               the               World               Wide               Web               08.30.08               from               http://www.secinfo.com/dRQqj.7u.d.htm
               Sharp,               Travis.

(2008,               February               20).

"U.S.

defense               spending               2001-2009."               Center               for               Arms               Control               and               Non-Proliferation.

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               Thornton,               Philip.

(2003,               September               5).

"Foreign               investments               in               U.K.

collapses."               The               London               Independent.

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               Thornton,               Philip.

(2005,               June               29).

"Foreign               investments               in               UK               hits               record               levels."               The               London               Independent.

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               Von               Wogau,               Karl               and               Rapp-Jung,               Barbara.

(2008).

"The               case               for               a               European               system               monitoring               foreign               investment               in               defense               and               security."               Common               Market               Law,               45:               47-68.

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               World               Bank,               World               Development               Indicators               Online               Database.

(2006,               December).

"IMF,               World               Economic               Outlook               Online               Database               (April               and               September               2006               editions)."               PDF               downloaded               08.31.08               from               the               World               Wide               Web               from               http://www.weforum.org/pdf/tourism/states.pdf
               Yahoo!

Finance.

(2008).

"Brooks               Brothers."               Yahoo!

Finance.

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               Yahoo!

Finance.

(2008).

"DKNY."               Yahoo!

Finance.

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               Yahoo!

Finance.

(2008).

"Pearle               Vision."               Yahoo!

Finance.

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    8. theautomaticearth.blogspot.com/   04/25/2008
      ...the world's biggest commodity markets. Debt Collection Done From India Appeals to U.S. Agencies In a glass tower on the outskirts of New...
    9. owenpardue.wordpress.com/   08/28/2010
      ... out that right now here in Ireland, certain training companies are teaching debt collection agencies the SPI is of great concern...
    10. colmbrazel.wordpress.com/   02/20/2011
      ...regard to their views on senior bondholder debt? In the USA postings to both Harvard...of interest in certain instances. In Ireland, names such as Sutherland, John Bruton...



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